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the understanding that these may be either men or women. Auditors, as such, have no right to examination or other official recognition, but the students of Barnard have all such privileges under the general arrangement between the colleges. The faculty of philosophy, which has charge of the departments of philosophy and education, and of the oriental, Greek, Latin, Germanic, romance, and English languages and literatures, has used the authority given it by the trustees and opened 92 courses to students in Barnard College. The faculty of political science has never thrown open any of its courses to auditors, and its relation with Barnard offers a very interesting phase of the subject. Barnard contributes two professors to the common stock. Estimating their services in lectures at six hours each per week, the faculty furnish Barnard with twelve hours of lectures a week by a number of different professors. Both institutions are obviously benefited. Columbia enlarges its staff, and Barnard has the range of a department of specialists instead of being limited to its own two. This arrangement, which was completed during the year 1894, went into effect in 1895-96 and opened to women unusual advantages in the department of historical, economic, and social study, supplemented by practical work and investigation, for which New York City offers an exceptional field.

The Columbia faculty of pure science have never received permission to open their courses to auditors, and the conditions under which Barnard students receive elective and graduate instruction in the subjects under the direction of this faculty shows a third aspect of Barnard's relations with Columbia. In mathematics an arrangement has been made similar to that with the faculty of political science. Barnard contributes one professor of mathematics to a total of three, and receives her share of their services. The lectures are delivered at Barnard College. In the natural sciences, the work in chemistry and zoology is done at Barnard by instructors in Columbia. In physics a special instructor is secured by Barnard, with the approval of Columbia. The botanical department is under the charge of the only professor appointed by Barnard who has no connection with Columbia, Professor Emily L. Gregory, Ph. D.

But under all these varying conditions a uniformity of standard is secured by the fact that Columbia awards all the degrees and establishes her own requirements, which must be met by every department. Special students are admitted only to courses in natural science and political science. After a four years' course in natural science, special students receive a certificate from Barnard College; special students in political science receive no testimonial beyond such personal statements as they may obtain from instructors.

The degrees and certificates awarded to students in Barnard College read as follows:

1. Degree of Bachelor of Arts.

Cvratores Collegii Colvmbia Neo Eborancensis omnibvs et singvlis ad qvos præsentes litteræ pervenerint salvtem. Sciatis nos qvæ exercitationes omnes ad gradvm Baccalavrei In Artibvs attinentes in Collegio Barnardino nostro rite ac legitime peregerit ad istvm gradvm provexisse eiqve omnia ivra privilegia et honores qvæ adsolent in tali re adtribvi dedisse et concessisse.

In cvivs rei plenivs testimonivm chiragraphis præsidis hvivs Collegii et decani Scholæ Artivm Liberalivm nec non sigillo nostro commvni diploma hocce mvniendvm cvravimvs.

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Cvratores Collegii Colvmbiæ Neo-Eborancensis omnibvs et singvlis ad qvos præsentes litteræ pervenerint salvtem. Sciatis nos qvi exercitationes omnes ad gradvm Magistri in Artibvs attinentes rite ac legitime peregerit ad istvm gradvm provexisse eiqve omnia ivra privilegia et honores qvæ adsolent in tali re adtribvi dedisse et concessisse.

In cvivs rei plenivs testimonivm chirographo præsidis hvivs collegii nec non sigillo nostro commvni diploma hocce mvniendum cvravimvs.

Datvm Novi Eboraci die

mensis

Annoqve Millesimo Octingentesimo Nonagesimo.

3. Degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

Proses.

Cvratores Collegii Colvmbia Neo-Eborancensis omnibvs et singvlis ad qvos præsentes litteræ pervenerint salvtem. Sciatis nos ——— qvi exercitationes omnes ad gradvin Doctoris in Philosophia attinentes rite ac legitime peregerit ad istvm gradum provexisse eiqve omnia ivra privilegia et honores qvæ adsolent in tali re adtribvi dedisse et concessisse.

In cvivs rei plenivs testimonivm chirographo præsidis hvivs collegii nec non sigillo nostro commvni diploma hocce mvniendvm cvravimvs. Datvm Novi Eboraci die mensis ————————.

Annoqve Millesimo Octingentesimo Nonagesimo.

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PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL SCHOOLS.

Many of the professional schools in the State are departments in universities already described, and it has been thought that the attempt to give adequate histories of these schools would unduly extend the limits of this report.

Exception has been made, however, of two institutions, the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, at Troy, and the Teachers' College, at New York. The former holds such an important place in the growth of technological education in this country, and has had so profound an influence upon the development of the material resources of the United States, that it deserves a place even in this general history.

The Teachers' College likewise deserves special mention, because it is an unique institution in the heighth and breadth of its aim and in its remarkable success in reaching this aim.1

In order to give some idea of the extent of the work done in the State in professional and technical education a list is here given taken from Regents' Report 110, for the year 1896.

'The Teachers' College has, since this report was written, been incorporated in Columbia University.

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