which was added an eighth in 1885. By the terms of the gift of his library in 1887, President White provided for two fellowships in history and political science of the annual value of $500 each, which became available in 1891, With the establishment of the Susan Linn Sage School of Philosophy, three additional fellowships in that department were added of the value of $400 each, and also six graduate scholarships of the value of $200 each. Subsequently there were established two fellowships in political economy and finance, two in Greek and Latin, and one in American history. In all, down to 1893, there were eighteen fellowships and six graduate scholarships established.

In October, 1893, there were added to the above five additional fellowships and ten graduate scholarships, and in 1896 the Oliver graduate scholarship in mathematics. These and all existing fellowships and graduate scholarships were placed at $400 and $200 per year, respectively. In 1894, upon the adoption of the requirement that graduates should pay the regular tuition fee, the fellowships were raised to $500 each, and the President White fellowships to $600 each, and the graduate scholarships to $300 each. There are now awarded annually twenty-three fellowships and sixteen graduate scholarships in the general and technical departments.

The giving of scholarships and fellowships was a favorite idea with President White, and the establishment of the system was among the last of the official acts of his administration. In his last report he says:

Nothing that this board has ever done has, in my judgment, shown its value more immediately and conclusively. No doubt the offering of these scholarships was one of the leading causes of the great and sudden increase in the number of students entering last year. But there is another result far more important than that, and this is that a much larger proportion of students entered with a high grade of preparation. . . . It is to be hoped that as time goes on the number of these university scholarships may be gradually increased. To endow more of them would be a most worthy exercise of private munificence.

In addition to these university scholarships there is established, under the charter of the university, one annual scholarship for each assembly district in the State, such scholarship entitling the holder to free tuition for four years. Down to January, 1895, there were 128 assembly districts, and 512 students were therefore entitled to free tuition each year. Since that date there have been 150 assembly districts and 600 free scholarships. Reckoning tuition at $100 a year (it is $125 in some courses), this gives an aggregate annual value of $50,000. If the actual cost of educating students be considered, the total is much larger, as is pointed out by President Schurman in his annual report for 1892-93.1 In addition, the university educates free of cost all students in agriculture.

Taking into account all its free gifts to education, Cornell bestows annually $50,000 in State scholarships, $7,200 in undergraduate schol

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arships, $4,800 in graduate scholarships, and $11,700 in fellowships, or a total of about $75,000.

F. COLLEGE SOCIETIES.

College societies naturally divide themselves into two classes, those which are organized for literary or other educational purposes and those which are organized for social purposes. Of the first class there have been many at various times during the history of the university, and are many at the present. The purely literary society, however, which follows the traditions of the old literary societies of the Eastern universities has never flourished at Cornell. The Philolathean, the Irving, and the Curtis have all disappeared after a few years of struggles and doubtful success. The debating clubs have had a somewhat more successful career. Among the earliest of these was the Cornell Debating Club, which, however, ceased to exist some years ago. It was replaced by the Cornell Congress, an organization formed in imitation of the House of Representatives and devoted mainly to the discussion of public and political questions. It has always been a successful and useful organization. Within the last two years other debating clubs have been formed, chiefly through the efforts of Prof. Duncan Campbell Lee, and have had a fair measure of success. Intercollegiate debates have been held during the past six years with the University of Pennsylvania.

A large number of societies connected with various departments of work are in existence, such as the Classical Association, History and Political Science Association, Natural History Society, the Agricultural Association, the Architectural Club, etc.

The social clubs are for the most part Greek letter societies, maintaining some semblance of secrecy in their organization and procedure. Of these, between thirty and forty are now in existence, and most of them occupy houses in which their members lodge, and some have erected structures specially for this purpose.

Those members of the university who do not belong to Greek letter fraternities are generally known as "Independents." At many times in the history of student life at Cornell the relations between the fraternity men and the independents, especially with reference to matters of class politics, have been strained. In one or two instances senior classes have had two distinct organizations, one composed mainly of fraternity members and the other of independents. In later years, however, this opposition between the two elements has largely disappeared, and divisions upon matters of student concern are generally along other lines.

G. STUDENTS' PUBLICATIONS.

The first student publication was the Cornell Era, which was begun within a few months after the opening of the university in 1868. It

was originally published by members of the Greek letter fraternities, but afterwards passed under the control of editorial boards chosen from the two upper classes. It is still continued as a weekly publication, being now in its thirty-first volume.

The Cornell Times was begun in 1873, as a rival of the Era, but was continued for only a short time, and ceased publication in 1874.

The Cornellian, which is the college annual, was begun in 1869, under the editorship of the Greek letter fraternities. In 1883 it passed into the control of editors selected from the junior class, the class of 1884 being the first to issue the annual, which is still published annually by editors selected by the juniors in the university. The Cornell Review, a monthly publication, was begun in 1873 and ceased publication in 1886. The Cornell Magazine was the successor of the Review, and has been published monthly since 1888.

The Cornell Sun, a daily paper, was begun in 1880 and is still published by editors selected from the various classes of the university. The Crank was begun by students in the department of mechanical and electrical engineering in 1886. This name was changed in 1890 to the Sibley College Journal of Engineering, and under this title it is still published.

Two illustrated papers have been published by students of the university. The first, known as Cocaigne, was begun in the spring of 1878 and continued during the rest of that college year. The second, known as The Widow, was begun in the fall of 1894, and has since been regularly issued biweekly.

A single number of The Cornell Law Journal was published in June, 1894. In the fall of that year the plan of the publication was changed and a law periodical known as The New York Law Review was issued in January, 1895, but ceased publication in June, 1895.

A quarterly periodical known as The Bulletin was first issued by the University Christian Association in 1886, but ceased publication in 1896.

H. ATHLETICS.

The early athletic interests of Cornell were mainly confined to boating. The first boat club seems to have been organized in 1871, and the first regatta was held on Cayuga Lake in 1872. It was not until 1873 that the university took part in an intercollegiate race, in competition with eleven colleges. It again contested in 1874 with nine colleges. The success of the crew in these races was not marked, as it won only fourth place in the first and fifth place in the second, but in 1875, under the management of Captain Ostrom, the Cornell navy began a series of victories which has continued with few interruptions down to the present time. In that year an intercollegiate 'varsity race and also an intercollegiate race between freshman crews were held on Saratoga Lake. In both of these races Cornell was successful, in the first rowing against twelve colleges and in the second against three freshman