mines entrance requirements and courses of study, and exercises discipline over its own students. Its legislation is subject to revision by the university faculty "on all matters affecting general university policy."

In 1886-87 appears for the first time the dean of the general faculty. This office was continued down to 1896, when, upon the reorganization, a dean was appointed for the university faculty, for the faculty of arts and sciences, and a "director of the college and dean of the faculty" for each of the colleges. The school of law had been organized with a dean from its beginning in 1887. The deans have been as follows:

The old general faculty (to 1896): Charles Ashmead Schaeffer (1886-87); Henry Shaler Williams (1887-88); Horatio Stevens White (1888-1896).

The law school faculty: Douglas Boardman (1887-91); Francis Miles Finch (1891); associate dean, Harry Burns Hutchins (1892-1895). Under the reorganization of 1896: University faculty, Horatio Stevens White; arts and sciences, Thomas Frederick Crane; agriculture, Isaac Phillips Roberts; architecture, Charles Babcock (1896-97), Alexander Bull Trowbridge (1897-); civil engineering, Estévan Antonio Fuertes; mechanical engineering, Robert Henry Thurston; law, Francis Miles Finch; veterinary medicine, James Law; medicine, William M. Polk (1898); forestry, Bernhard E. Fernow (1898-).

D. THE PROFESSORS.

It is quite impracticable to do more than refer to the various professors who have conducted the educational work of the university. For convenience they will be mentioned in connection with the departments and colleges into which the university is now divided.

1. THE ACADEMIC DEPARTMENT.

The academic department is now divided into numerous separate branches or groups. For the sake of simplicity and convenience these may be here grouped into a somewhat smaller number. Prof. T. F. Crane has been dean of the faculty of arts and science since 1896, and was, during the temporary absence of Dr. Schurman, the acting president of the university.

A. LANGUAGES AND LITERATURES.

The classical languages were originally united at Cornell under the professorship of Albert S. Wheeler from 1868 to 1871. In the latter year a division was made upon the resignation of Professor Wheeler. Tracy Peck became professor of Latin and Isaac Flagg professor of Greek. In 1880 Professor Peck was succeeded by Prof. William Gardner Hale, and he in turn in 1892 by Prof. Charles E. Bennett. Professor Flagg was succeeded in 1888 by Prof. Benjamin I. Wheeler, who in 1886 had been called to the chair of comparative philology,

and who combined the two. G. P. Bristol is associate professor of Greek, and H. C. Elmer assistant professor of Latin. Alfred Emerson was associate professor of classical archæology from 1891 to 1898. An excellent museum of classical archæology has been provided through the generosity of Henry W. Sage. The work in Greek and Latin has always been of the highest order, and during the period of intercollegiate literary contests from 1874 to 1879 Cornell students distinguished themselves, especially in the contests in Greek and Latin. Since 1896 Nathaniel Schmidt has been professor of the Semitic languages and literatures. H. S. White (1876–1878), D. W. Brown (1878-79), and William R. Perkins (1879-1882) have served as assistant professors of Latin.

The modern foreign languages seem to have been divided from the outset into two chairs, that of Romance languages and that of Germanic languages. The first was filled down to 1881 by Prof. William Channing Russel, assisted by Prof. T. F. Crane. J. M. Hart, W. M. . Howland, F. L. O. Roehrig, and Alfred Stebbins were also assistants at different periods. In 1873 Professor Crane was given an independent professorship of Italian and Spanish, and on the retirement of Professor Russel became the head of the Romance language department, in which he is now assisted by Asst. Prof. E. W. Olmstead and several instructors. The chair of German language and literature was filled from 1868 to 1883 by Prof. Willard Fiske. Upon his retirement W. T. Hewett, who had been assistant professor since 1870, and H. S. White, who was assistant professor of Latin from 1876 to 1878 and of German since 1878, were made professors of German language and literature, and have since jointly administered the department. H. H. Boyeson was assistant professor from 1873 to 1876, and professor of German literature from 1876 to 1880. Others who have been connected with the department as assistants are G. F. Behringer (1869-70), J. M. Hart (1869-1873), B. P. McKoon (1870-1883).

The department of English was organized by Prof. Homer B. Sprague, who remained from 1868 to 1870, when he was succeeded by Prof. Hiram Corson. Both Professor Sprague and Professor Corson were entitled "professor of rhetoric and oratory," but the instruction by both was broader than the title, including English literature, and in the case of Professor Corson, Anglo-Saxon. In 1871 Charles C. Shackford was made professor of rhetoric and general literature, and Professor Corson gave his attention to English literature, including Anglo-Saxon. Upon the retirement of Professor Shackford as emeritus in 1886, Professor Corson again united the work in rhetoric and literature until in 1887 Brainerd G. Smith was elected associate professor of rhetoric and oratory, being succeeded in 1893 by Asst. Prof. D. C. Lee. From 1881 to 1883 William E. Lucas, who had previously been instructor, was assistant professor of rhetoric and composition. In 1890 James Morgan Hart became professor of rhetoric

and English philology. The work of the department is now threefold-English literature, in charge of Professor Corson; rhetoric and English philology, in charge of Professor Hart, and elocution and oratory, in charge of Assistant Professor Lee. O. F. Emerson was assistant professor of rhetoric and English philology from 1892-1896. In 1897 F. C. Prescott became assistant professor of rhetoric. In the same year Miss Louise Sheffield Brownell, warden of Sage College, became also a lecturer in English literature. In English literature Professor Corson's work has been, since his coming in 1870 to the present day, an inspiration and delight to great bodies of students.

B. HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE.

History and political science are united into one department, now known as the President White School of History and Political Science. The union was formally made in 1881, and the above title was adopted in 1887. The school has no permanent head, however, and the different chairs combined under the title are practically independent.

From 1868 to 1885 President White was professor of modern European history. President Adams succeeded to the same title in 1885, but resigned the chair in 1889. In 1890 Herbert Tuttle was transferred from the chair of politics to that of modern European history, and on his death in 1894 he was succeeded by Prof. H. Morse Stephens. From 1868 to 1881 William Channing Russel was associate professor of history, giving instruction mainly in Roman, mediæval, and American history. From 1868 to 1872 Goldwin Smith was professor of English history, and has since been a frequent lecturer on that subject. In recognition of his devotion and generosity to the university the trustees conferred on him, in June, 1894, the honorary appointment of professor of English history, emeritus. In 1881 a chair of American history was established, to which Prof. Moses Coit Tyler was elected, a choice which has been more than justified by the unflagging interest manifested by students in the work of his department. In 1888 George L. Burr was made instructor in mediæval history, and was rapidly promoted through all the grades to professor of ancient and mediæval history. The department of history has now, therefore, three chairs—ancient and mediæval history, filled by Professor Burr; modern European history, filled by Professor Stephens, and American history, filled by Professor Tyler. The department has always been peculiarly fortunate in its choice of professors. The brilliant work of Professors White and Smith gave it an impetus at the outset, which it has never lost to the present day.

In political science the instruction by resident professors was given mainly down to 1881 through the courses in history, supplemented by brief courses in political economy by Prof. W. D. Wilson and Asst. Prof. Ziba Potter. In 1881 Herbert Tuttle was appointed lecturer on international law, and in 1883 was made associate professor, and in 1887

professor of politics, his exact title varying somewhat from year to year. Professor Tuttle's work was of a brilliant order, but his tastes lay more decidedly in the field of modern European history, to which he was transferred in 1891. He was succeeded in that year by Prof. Jeremiah W. Jenks. In 1883 Henry Carter Adams was elected associate professor of political economy, dividing his time between Michigan University and Cornell. After four years of service, during which tin.e he made the study of political economy an inspiration to great numbers of students, he retired in order to give all his time to Michigan. He was succeeded in 1888 by Prof. E. Benjamin Andrews, and he in 1890 by Prof. J. Lawrence Laughlin, with whom A. C. Miller was associated. Both the latter resigned in 1892, and the department of political science was united under the head professorship of Professor Jenks, with E. A. Ross, W. F. Willcox, and C. H. Hull as assistants. Professor Ross resigned after one year and the work has since been carried on by Professors Jenks, Willcox, and Hull, with one or more instructors. The department now falls into three classes-that of politics, in charge of Professor Jenks; social science and statistics, in charge of Associate Professor Willcox, and political economy and finance in charge of Assistant Professor Hull.

C. PHILOSOPHY.

Philosophy was from 1868 to 1886 in charge of William Dexter Wilson, the well-beloved and venerated registrar of the university. During this period he lectured on the history of philosophy, the philosophy of history, psychology, logic, and kindred topics. He also gave some instruction in political science, having courses in political economy and American law. In 1886 he was made professor emeritus and retired from active service. A professorship of Christian ethics and mental philosophy was created by the generosity of Henry W. Sage in 1885, in memory of his wife, Susan E. Linn Sage, and to this in 1886 Jacob Gould Schurman was called. In 1890 Mr. Sage endowed a department of philosophy and steps were taken to equip and develop it. To the department was given the name of Susan E. Linn Sage School of Philosophy. Dr. Schurman was made dean of the school and professor of mental and moral philosophy, which chair he resigned in 1896. Charles Mellen Tyler succeeded Dr. Schurman in 1891 as professor of Christian ethics, to which was added the further title of the history and philosophy of religion. In addition several professorships in special branches of philosophy were created. Frank Angell was assistant professor of psychology during 1891-92; William A. Hammond was made assistant professor of ancient and mediæval philosophy in 1892; James E. Creighton was assistant professor of modern philosophy from 1892 to 1895, and in the latter year became professor of logic and metaphysics; Edward B. Titchenor was assistant professor of psychology from 1892 to 1895 and has been professor of