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gave to the university their interest in the Cascadilla Building, valued at $35,000.

Daniel B. Fayerweather left by his will $200,000 to the university. This gift came from an unexpected source, as Mr. Fayerweather had never during his life manifested any interest in Cornell. Mr. Fayerweather's will was the subject of a long litigation. Cornell received about $300,000 from the estate.

Alfred S. Barnes provided a home for the university Christian association and other religious organizations, at a cost of $45,000. Barnes Hall is the memorial of this generous gift.

Dean Sage, a son of Henry W. Sage, endowed the Sage College pulpit with $30,000, from the income of which the Sage College preachers are remunerated.

William H. Sage, another son of Henry W. Sage, gave the organ for the chapel. He has also given to the library the Zarncke collection on Germanic philology and literature, and the Cascadilla Bridge, and has given liberally for the equipment of Percy Field for athletic sports. In this last donation Mr. J. J. Hagerman was a leading benefactor, the field being named for one of his sons.

Dean Sage and William H. Sage gave, in 1897, the late residence of their father, to be known and used as the Cornell Infirmary, and added an endowment for it of $100,000, besides the cost of refitting it for its new use.

Willard Fiske has given to the library the Dante collection and other additions, aggregating in value over $30,000.

Women have shared with men in these benefactions. Mr. Sage has testified how largely his gifts were inspired by his wife. Jennie McGraw's early gift of the university chimes was followed by other occasional gifts for special purposes, and by the noble provision in her will for library and other purposes. Mrs. White gave the great beil that bears her name. Recently the important gift of the Moak Law Library, which gives the law school as good a law library as any law school in the country, came from Mrs. Boardman and Mrs. Williams, the wife and daughter of the first dean of the school, Judge Douglass Boardman. Mrs. Alfred S. Barnes gave $1,000 to found a Shakespeare prize. Altogether the women benefactors of Cornell share with the men the honor of aiding in building up its endowments and assuring its prosperity.

Among other gifts may be mentioned the fund of $2,000 given by Judge Boardman for law school prizes; the fund of $2,500 by Stewart L. Woodford for the Woodford prize in oratory; the fund of $1,000 by Prof. E. A. Fuertes for prizes in engineering; the fund of over $500 by the class of 1886 for a prize in declamation; the fund of $500 by the class of 1894 for a prize in debate; the fund of $500 by Horace K. White for a prize in veterinary science; the fund of $3,000 by Amos

Padgham for an undergraduate scholarship, and the fund of $5,000 by ex-Governor Flower for a library of veterinary medicine.

The library has been the beneficiary of many gifts. Aside from those already mentioned are the following: A Rhæto-Romanic collection and a Dante collection, by Willard Fiske; a mathematical library, by William Kelly; an architectural library, by President White; a slavery collection, by Rev. Samuel J. May; a fund of $1,000, by George W. Harris, for a collection of Victorian poets; a collection on Celtic literature and philology, from Prof. E. W. Evans; a collection on Russian history, by Eugene Schuyler; a collection on romance philology, by Prof. T. F. Crane. Other donors are Theodore Stanton, Mrs. Elizabeth Pease Nichols, Richard D. Webb, W. L. Burt, Emil Schwertfeger, C. D. Cleveland, George L. Burr, H. B. Lord, and many others. Professor Burr has steadily donated his salary as librarian of the President White Library to the purchase of books for that collection, an amount very considerable in the aggregate.

F. SUMMARY OF ENDOWMENTS AND GIFTS.

The following tables represent the total result of endowments, gifts, and grants to Cornell University during the first thirty years of its existence. Many of the gifts are roughly estimated in dollars as they appear on the donation list kept by the treasurer of the university.1 Federal grants:

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For a very full list of gifts to 1873, many of which are not included in this table, see statement presented to investigating committee, Senate Docs. 1874, No. 103, pp. 287–290. The aggregate there shown is $1,433,457.16.

2 All appropriations include those available down to August 1, 1898.

3 Appropriations have been made for horticultural and agricultural experiments, and instruction throughout the State to be conducted under direction of the departments at Cornell. These are not included. It should be noted that the veterinary college belongs to the State and not to Cornell University. The college of forestry, established by laws of 1898, also belongs to, or reverts to, the State.

Cornell will yet share to the extent of from $25,000 to $40,000 in the undistributed residue of the Fayerweather estate.

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Some of these gifts have gone into permanent improvements, some into equipment, some into current expenses, and some into productive investments. The report of the treasurer for 1898 shows the property, estimating the present worth of lands, buildings, and equipment, much of which has been paid for by income, to be as follows:

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In addition Cornell acted as trustee of the State in the expenditure of $35,000 appropriated for the promotion of agricultural knowledge in extension work done under the direction of the Cornell college of agriculture.

This result for the thirtieth year of the university is in sharp contrast with the poverty of the first half of the period of its existence. Again and again it seemed during those years that the university would be obliged to declare itself bankrupt. The income was so far below the needs that a debt of $155,000 could be paid only by the subscriptions of the friends of the university-Messrs. Cornell, White, Sage, McGraw, and Sibley. In 1873 the income was $101,000, the expenditures $106,089.12.1 The tuition fees in that year amounted to but $18,000. In 1881 the actual income was only $100,000, of which but $14,750 was from tuition. Large inroads had been made upon the capital to carry the university and its land. But thereafter conditions rapidly improved. The great land sales of 1881-82 swelled the productive funds to three times their former amount. From this time on the financial skies grew steadily clearer.

This is the result of thirty years of generous benefactions and wise management. At the outset the university started with a cash endowment of $500,000 and land scrip valued at $600,000. To-day its property is valued at nearly $10,000,000, and its annual income is nearly $600,000. Two men share the honor of accomplishing the largest measure of this splendid result, Ezra Cornell and Henry W. Sage. While they stand easily first among those who have assured the financial prosperity of the university, the gratitude of all good citizens is also due to the other benefactors who have aided in the upbuilding of the material resources and prosperity of Cornell.

VI.

THE DEPARTMENTS, COLLEGES, AND FACULTIES OF CORNELL. Reference has already been made to the plan of organization outlined by Mr. White and adopted by the trustees. In order to bring together the salient facts connected with the development of this plan a sketch of the courses of study, the departments of work, and the personnel of the faculty seems necessary.

A. COURSES OF STUDY.

1. THE ACADEMIC COURSES IN ARTS AND SCIENCES.

The academic courses in arts and sciences have been of four types: (1) The arts or classical course, requiring Greek and Latin; (2) the philosophy or literature course, requiring Latin but replacing Greek by the modern languages; (3) the science course, requiring the modern languages, mathematics, and natural sciences; (4) the science and letters (or letters) course, requiring the modern languages, literature, philosophy, and elementary mathematics and sciences. To these

1 Report of treasurer before investigating committee. N. Y. Senate Doc., 1874, No. 103, pp. 342, 343.

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