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of the neighborhood without respect to the profession which they have in view, as, indeed, it is to any when there is room for them.

The number of students in 1890 was 81. The previous four years as many had to be declined as have been received. Could all be provided for who apply, instead of there being 81 there would be 150 students.

The buildings consist of three, which contain dormitories for 80 students, a dining hall, a library, an observatory, the Ludlow and Willink hall, the residence for the head of the college (called, after the English fashion, warden), and a chapel, which is also open for the neighborhood as a parish church. The buildings cost about $150,000. Also $5,000 have been received toward a fireproof library building.

There are 8,000 volumes in the library, and the important reviews are received. The library is open every afternoon for the use of the students and as a reading room.

The college has received toward endowment the past three years $66,000, of which fifty and more thousand have been received from the Rev. C. F. Hoffman, D. D., of New York.

The graduates of the college are brought into competition in the theological seminary with those of the large colleges, such as Columbia, Yale, and Harvard, but they have shown their scholarship in taking the prize in their special department, the Greek Testament, and in other subjects pertaining to the study of theology. The special training has shown its fruits, as it has been necessary that it should in these days when Greek is treated as a fetich, and science and kindred studies have displaced those which are considered necessary for the clerical office.

Already some of the persons educated at St. Stephen's have distinguished themselves, and have justified the diocese of New York in founding and sustaining such a college.

COLLEGE OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER, 1861, NEW YORK CITY. This college was first incorporated by the regents in 1861, although it had already done ten years' work in the interests of education. 1870 it received an amended charter.1 It is conducted by the fathers of the Society of Jesus. The predominance of the church idea is noticeable not only in its curriculum, but also in the fact that the Society of Jesus has undertaken to furnish professors and tutors without pay beyond support. There are five distinct departments-preparatory, commercial, grammar, collegiate, and postgraduate. The usual collegiate degrees are conferred. The postgraduate course, leading to the degree of master of arts, occupies only one year. The first president of St. Francis Xavier College was the Rev. John

1 Laws 1870, chapter 46.

Ryan, S. J. Its present president is the Rev. Thomas E. Murphy, S. J. The total number of instructors is 29. The number of students in 1893 was 90.

It has received no

The college is supported entirely by donations. help from the State. Its net property amounts to $378,372.

MANHATTAN COLLEGE.

[Sketch furnished by the college.]

1. HISTORY.

Manhattan College, situated in Manhattanville, New York City, was organized in 1853 under the name of "The Academy of the Holy Infancy." After careful and diligent study, a site overlooking the Hudson River and remarkable for beauty and convenience, was selected for the proposed building. The Most Reverend Archbishop Hughes took an active part in the foundation of the academy and during his life was a zealous promoter of its interests.

The rising institution was taken charge of by the Brothers of the Christian Schools, a society of teachers which had already obtained in Europe a reputation for successful teaching. Under their skillful management the academy entered on a prosperous career, and after ten years' trial of its resources and stability, it was incorporated and chartered as a college by the University of the State of New York, under the name of Manhattan College, with power to grant all the usual degrees. The board of trustees, as at first constituted, consisted of 18 distinguished men of New York City, among whom were: Eugene Kelly, L. Silliman Ives, Henry L. Hoguet, Edward C. Donnelly, Edward J. Sears, and John E. Develin.

Manhattan College received as its first president, Brother Patrick, who had previously filled the position of director of the academy. Under his energetic and enlightened management a rapid development took place and soon Manhattan College successfully rivaled many older fellow colleges.

The second president, elected in 1873, was Brother Paulian. During his presidency an extensive addition to the college buildings was made in order to meet the increased demand for accommodation.

In 1879 Brother Anthony became president, and in 1886 Brother Justin, who now fills the chair.

II. DISTINGUISHED MEN.

Brother PATRICK was born in Ireland in 1822, and came while young to this country. The progress he made in studies, and his aptitude for administration secured him the position of director of a school in St. Louis. The office of director of the Academy of the Holy Infancy

having become vacant in 1861, Brother Patrick received the nomination. His chief care was to have the institution chartered as a college. This was effected in 1863 and Brother Patrick became first president of Manhattan College. He governed the college with universal satisfaction till 1873 when he resigned to devote himself to the work of superintending the schools of America which are under the management of the Brothers of the Christian Schools-a position which he still fills.

Brother PAULIAN.-Born in Ireland in 1831, he first distinguished himself as a professor in St. Louis. On the retirement of Brother Patrick from the presidency of Manhattan College in 1873, Brother Paulian was called to fill that office. Such was the confidence inspired by his prudent management that he was authorized to make an extensive addition to the college buildings. He, however, resigned in 1879 to become president of the Brothers' College of St. Louis, the scene of his former labors. This position he still fills with dignity and efficiency.

Brother ANTHONY, third president of Manhattan College, was born in 1841 in Rochester, N. Y. His scholarly acquirements drew on him the attention of the college, and in 1870 he was appointed professor of belles lettres. The presidency becoming vacant in 1879, by the resignation of Brother Paulian, he was unanimously chosen for that position. He, however, resigned in 1886 to take charge of an institution in Buffalo, N. Y.

L. SILLIMAN IVES.-Born in Meriden, New Haven County, Conn. Having completed his studies he was ordained in the Protestant Episcopal Church and became bishop of North Carolina. In 1852 he joined the Roman Catholic Church. He founded the New York Catholic Protectory, and was one of the first petitioners for the incorporation of Manhattan College and was the first chairman of the board of trustees, which position he occupied till his death in 1867.

EDWARD I. SEARS.-Born in Ireland in 1824; was a contributor to the Dublin University Magazine, and other magazines. In 1860 he became editor of the National Quarterly Review. He was one of the eighteen petitioners for the incorporation of Manhattan College and was elected secretary of the board of trustees which position he filled till his death in 1876.

JOHN E. DEVELIN.-Born in 1820; was educated in Georgetown College, District of Columbia. He occupied a distinguished position in the legal profession. He became chairman of the board of trustees of Manhattan College in 1867 and was an able supporter and the legal adviser of the college till his death in 1888.

III. SCOPE.

Manhattan College is a college of liberal arts. Its graduates, owing to the systematic training they receive, find ready access to the

various professions-law, medicine, and the sacred ministry. Its aim has always been to give young men a liberal and Christian education, and to make useful members of society and good citizens of our country. Nor have its efforts been in vain. Young men trained in Manhattan College are to be found in all the walks of life.

In late years, attentive to the wants of young men, the college opened a department of practical science, and students who pass duly through this course receive the degree of bachelor of science.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

Sears, E. I. Manhattan College. National Quarterly Review, 7, 97.

ROBERT COLLEGE OF CONSTANTINOPLE, 1864.

Chartered by the legislature of the State of New York in 1864. Located at Constantinople, Turkey.

Gould, E. P. Education, 11, 1.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

SYRIAN PROTESTANT COLLEGE 1864.

Chartered by the legislature of the State of New York in 1864. Located at Beirut, Syria.

AN HISTORICAL SKETCH OF ITS FIRST THIRTY YEARS, 1868-1898.

By ERNEST W. HUFFCUT, professor of law in Cornell University.

I would found an institution where any person can find instruction in any study.-EZRA CORNELL.

I.

THE FEDERAL LAND GRANT AND THE PEOPLE'S COLLEGE.

THE FEDERAL LAND GRANT.

At a moment when civil war was threatening the existence of the nation, the Hon. Justin S. Morrill, of Vermont, introduced in Congress a measure whose peaceful and far-reaching results can not even yet be estimated. The purpose of the bill was to endow in each State at least one college whose object should be, "without excluding other scientific and classical studies, and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts, in such manner as the legislatures of the States may respectively prescribe, in order to promote the liberal and practical education of the industrial classes in the several pursuits and professions in life."1 For the accomplishment of this purpose the act granted to each State an amount of land equal to 30,000 acres for each Senator and Representative in Congress. In States in which there were public lands subject to sale at private entry at $1.25 per acre, the lands were to be selected within the limits of the State claiming the grant; to each State in which there were no such public lands the Secretary of the Interior was to issue land scrip representing the amount to which the State was entitled. This bill became a law by the approval of President Lincoln on July 2, 1862.

Under the provisions of this act New York became entitled to scrip representing 990,000 acres of land. The State in fact received 6,187 pieces of scrip of 160 acres each, representing 989,920 acres; the difference of 80 acres being due to the fact that no scrip was issued for less amount than 160 acres. The State itself was prohibited by the terms of the land-grant act from locating the lands within the limits of any other State, and as there were no lands subject to entry in New York the sale of the scrip was the only means of realizing on the grant.

1

1 Public Laws of the United States, 1862, chapter 130. Mr. Morrill had previously introduced a similar bill in 1857, which passed both Houses, but was vetoed by President Buchanan. (See Congressional Globe, second session, Thirty-fifth Congress, 1858-9, Pt. II, p. 1412.) This bill and Mr. Morrill's speech on it were among the articles deposited within the corner stone of the People's College in 1858. (See Exercises at laying of corner stone, p. 16.)

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