Rev. Richmond Fisk, D. D., a graduate of Union, was elected president of the college in 1868, and served for three years. On his accession the preparatory school was discontinued, and only college work has since been done in this department.

Dr. Fisk was succeeded in 1872 by Rev. Absalom Graves Gaines, D. D., LL. D., a native of Kentucky, educated at the University of Virginia. To the strong brain, sound scholarship, uprightness and purity of character, and persevering unselfish devotion of the latter. is largely due the establishment of the college on a firm foundation. A man of earnest convictions and marked individuality, his influence in molding both intellectually and morally the minds of his pupils has been notable. Resigning on account of illness in 1888, Mr. Gaines was succeeded as president in 1889 by Rev. Alpheus Baker Hervey, Ph. D., but retained his chair as Craig professor of psychology and ethics, and political economy, and is now fully restored to health. President Hervey is a graduate of the university and held the Cummings professorship of natural science. He resigned in 1894. During his administration the number of students and the funds were largely increased.

Among the professors and instructors in the college of letters and science have been Moses Marston, Ph. D., late professor of English literature in the University of Minnesota, Latin and Greek, 1868-1873; William Alexander Rich, LL. B., D. D., Latin and Greek ad interim, 1871-72; James Henry Chapin, Ph. D., geology and mineralogy, 18711892; John Stocker Miller, M. A., LL. B., Latin and Greek, 1871-1874; Almeron Zenas Squires, M. A., LL. B., mathematics, 1872-1880; Walter Balfour Gunnison, Ph. D., Latin language and literature, 18751885; Bernhard Jaques Pink, M. A., LL. B., modern languages, 18751882; Charles Kelsey Gaines, Ph. D., Greek language and literature, and English literature, 1876-; Henri Hermann Liotard, M. A., modern languages, 1882-; Henry Priest, M. A., Hayward professor of mathematics and physics, 1883-; Clement Morelle Baker, M. A., Latin language and literature, 1885-1892; Frederic Schiller Lee, Ph. D., physiology and biology, 1886-87; Robert Dale Ford, M. S., mathematics, 1887-1890; George Robert Hardie, M. A., Latin language and literature, 1892-; Ceylon Samuel Kingston, B. A., mathematics, 1892-93; Everett Alberton Pugsley, B. A., English and history, 1893-94; Warren Gardner Bullard, B. A., mathematics, 1893-94; George Daniel Hammond, B. A., history, 1894-; Edward Payson Manning, Ph. D., mathematics, 1894-.

The professors in the law school were Leslie Wead Russell, LL. D., lately attorney-general of New York, property, 1869-1871; William Christopher Cooke, practice, 1869-70; Stillman Foote, M. A., contracts, 1869-1871.

The requirements for admission to the college and the courses of study leading to the degrees of B. A., B. S., Litt. B., and Ph. B. are 3176-20

of essentially the same grade as in the best colleges of the State. Instruction is offered at present in: Greek, 6 courses; Latin, 9 courses; German, 6 courses; French, 6 courses; English, 11 courses; rhetoric, 2 courses; parliamentary debate, 2 courses; mathematics, 6 courses; physics, 4 courses; chemistry, qualitative analysis, 2 courses; chemistry, quantitative analysis, 2 courses; physiology, 1 course; biology, 2 courses; geology, 1 course; mineralogy, 1 course; astronomy, 2 courses; history, 8 courses; economics, 2 courses; psychology, 2 courses; logic 2 courses; ethics, 1 course; evidences of religion, 1 course.

During the freshman and sophomore years a greater part of the work is prescribed; for the upper classmen it is chiefly elective. course of four years is required for the bachelor's degree. Since 1886 the master's degree has been conferred only on examination and the completion of regular courses of not less than one year. After 1895 honors will be awarded at graduation to candidates whose scholarship reaches a high degree of excellence. It is intended that honors shall be given only where warranted by the standard of the best American universities.

The beneficial effect of its training is seen in the earnestness with which large numbers of the graduates continue their studies in professional schools and at leading American and foreign universities. It is, however, greatly to be desired that adequate provision be made for the erection and endowment of special chemical, physical, and biological laboratories and for instruction in the fine arts.

The library contains about 11,000 volumes, catalogued according to improved methods, several thousand pamphlets, and a few valuable paintings and other works of art. It is open daily and is used constantly by the students and the public. Although it comprises many rare and costly books, including the Loveland collection and the library of the late Prof. C. A. Credner, of the University of Giessen, rich in theological works, especially of the early decades of the sixteenth century, it has of late been largely dependent for accessions upon the gifts of friends, and its wants are manifold. Since the loss of the income formerly supplied by the generosity of Mr. S. C. Herring it has had for the purchase of books only the income of a fund of $1,000, the gift of a friend who prefers to remain unknown. A fund of $25,000 is greatly needed. There are also several classroom reference libraries. Private libraries containing from 15,000 to 20,000 volumes are open to the students.

The university is well situated in a region at once attractive and remarkable for healthfulness, with spacious grounds on a hill overlooking the village of Canton, the shire town of St. Lawrence County. With abundant facilities for recreation, the students are peculiarly free from undue distraction in their work, and are prompted to industry by every legitimate incentive. The unavoidable temptations to vice and dissipation are here at a minimum, and are utterly

discountenanced, not merely by the discipline of the college, but also by the general sentiment of the students and of the neighborhood. The university buildings are College Hall, of brick, 45 by 100 feet, four stories high, erected in 1856; Herring Library, a fireproof structure of Potsdam sandstone, with a capacity for 60,000 volumes, built by the late Silas C. Herring, of New York, in 1870; Fisher Hall, a substantial edifice of Canton marble, erected in memory of President Fisher by the alumni in 1882 for the use of the theological school; and a president's house, of brick, erected by President Atwood in 1887. They stand in the middle of the college field, which is adorned with native trees and is ample for the future growth of the university.

The students maintain two public debating societies, one in each school, holding weekly meetings; two reading rooms; an athletic association, which celebrates an annual field day, and various boating, baseball, football, and tennis clubs. There are five Greek-letter societies and a brotherhood, several of which occupy comfortable club houses. The Laurentian Publishing Company issues The Laurentian, a monthly undergraduate journal devoted to the interests of the university. The Canton Liberal, a monthly, is published by undergraduates of the divinity school. About 40 free scholarships in the college of letters and science have been established in the various schools of St. Lawrence County and northern New York, in the Clinton Liberal Institute at Fort Plain, and by private donors. These produce an income of from $50 to $240 each. The total necessary expenses of each student average from $175 to $350 per year. Many without means work their way through college by teaching and in other ways, and graduate free from debt. From the first women have been admitted to all the privileges of the university and number about onefifth of its graduates.

The university has received no aid from the State since the first grant of $25,000. Its benefactors have been many. Among them may be mentioned Charles A. Ropes, of Salem, Mass., whose gift of $5,000 in 1865 saved the theological school from suspension; Augustus C. Moore, of Buffalo, a charter trustee, who gave $25,000 to the theological school; John Craig, of Rochester, from whose bequest each school received $25,000 in 1873 for the endowment of a Craig professorship; Alvinza Hayward, of California, a native of Canton, who endowed the Hayward professorship of mathematics and physics in the college with $30,000 in 1874; George A. Dockstader, of New York, who gave $10,000 to endow the Dockstader professorship in the theological school; Mrs. Lorena Bicknell, of Stockholm, who left $10,000 to the college in 1873; Thomas A. Goddard, of Boston, who left $3,000 to the theological school; Miss Sarah A. Gage, of Hudson, who left $37,456 to the theological school; Lester Taylor and wife, of Fly Creek, who left $4,000 to the theological school; Rev. William II. Ryder, D. D., of Chicago, whose bequest of $32,808.40 has already been mentioned; Mrs. Abby M. Simmons, of Victor, who bequeathed

$5,000 to the college in memory of her husband, the late Richmond Simmons, esq.; Dr. Joseph W. Clowes, of New York, who gave $5,000 to the college in a time of serious need; the Hoyt and Watson families, of Sennett, from whom it has received four different legacies; the late P. T. Barnum, who gave it $6,000; George C. Thomas, of Philadelphia, a generous friend, who gave the college $5,000; the late David I. Stagg, of New York, under whose will the theological school received $5,000; Mrs. Mary Gunn, who gave $2,000 to the theological school; Lyman Bickford, of Macedon, who has given over $4,000 to the college and over $1,000 to the theological school; Mrs. Harriet Lewis, of Meriden, Conn., who has given upward of $5,000 to the college; and Mrs. Kate L. Chapin, of Meriden, who has endowed with $30,000 the Chapin professorship of geology and mineralogy in memory of her husband, for many years a loved and honored member of the college faculty.

Previously to 1885 it was the practice of the trustees to pay the current expenses of the college of letters and science out of the funds, as the school had never been adequately endowed. It was the opinion of the then lately elected treasurer, Mr. George Robinson, that this policy was unsound, and that an endowment should be obtained. Accordingly, in June, 1885, the corporation voted to expend no more of the funds for any purpose, and thereafter to confine the expenditure of the university to its income. At that time the funds of the college amounted to barely $50,000. The wisdom of this action is shown by the fact that they now (March, 1895) amount to nearly $200,000. A plan, suggested by the treasurer, for raising a fund of $50,000 by means of interest-bearing subscriptions, payable in five annual payments, was adopted. A vigorous canvass was conducted by the officers and friends of the university, assisted by the county press, with such success that the sum of $50,508 was raised before November 30, 1887, without expense to the institution. About one-fourth of the whole sum was contributed by alumni and considerably more than one-half by citizens of St. Lawrence County. The undergraduate students, many of whom were working their own way through college, gave upward of $1,000. The names of the subscribers to this fund, over 400 in number, are engrossed upon parchment and hang in Herring Library. Immediately thereafter the raising of another $50,000 was begun under the supervision of President Hervey, and was completed in 1889 by the gift of $25,000 by Columbus R. Cummings, esq., a native of Canton, now of Chicago, to establish the Cummings professorship of natural science.

The property of the university may be summarized as follows:

Total endowment fund

Buildings and grounds ...

Collections....

Total property of university

$337,357.61 100.000.00

20,000.00

457, 357.61