experience in teaching, or he must have taught one year under the direction of the faculty and with such success as to receive their approval.

IV. He must have paid the fee of $20 for each major course, and $10 for each minor course required.

The degree of doctor of pedagogy will be conferred upon a student who has met the following conditions:

I. He must have been credited with attendance upon the required lectures and seminaries.

II. He must have successfully completed the five major and five of the minor courses. Certain minor courses are elective; the student is required to choose one of these in making up his list of minor courses.

III. He must have presented the prescribed thesis, as defined hereafter, and have received approval of the same.

IV. He must either have presented a certificate showing four years' successful experience in schoolroom work, or he must have taught two years under the direction of the faculty and with such success as to receive their approval.

V. He must have paid the fee of $20 for each major course and $10 for each minor course required.

The plan of the University School of Pedagogy has been accepted by several universities in America. Special professional degrees in pedagogy have also been adopted elsewhere.

The success of the School of Pedagogy is chiefly due to the efforts of the woman's advisory committee of the university. As this body is perhaps unique in university history, the following is given from the statute of 1890 which established it:

The council of the University of the City of New York, recognizing that the present year's enrollment of graduate students includes the names of women graduates of various colleges, and further recognizing that the school of pedagogy is likely to enroll women in equal numbers with men, deems it expedient that this corporation shall have the cooperation of representative women who will be interested in the promotion of university work for women in the most advanced lines of study and investigation.

To this end the council hereby establishes THE WOMAN'S ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, to be composed of 20 members, women, appointed by the council, one-fourth to go out of office annually upon May 1, when their successors shall be appointed by the council.

The council places the council room at the command of this committee for its meetings at any time not reserved for meetings of the council. It refers to the committee the making of its own by-laws and appointment of its own officers; also the formation of plans and the making of recommendations for the advancement of the university's work for women; but all such plans or recommendations shall, as in the case of other committees, be reported to and approved by the council.

UNIVERSITY LAW SCHOOL.

The University Law School in 1886 had but two professors and 72 students. It was reorganized in 1891 by the calling of Dr. Austin Abbott to the deanship and the addition of two professors, thus doubling the force of instructors giving daily lectures. Further, the old arrangement of apportioning the fees among the instructors was abolished, and instead a definite salary was assigned to each profes

sor.

The division of subjects was as follows: Equity jurisprudence; pleading and evidence; law of contracts and elementary law; law of real and personal property and of negotiable paper, law of procedure and torts. Six other important subjects were treated by lecturers secured from among eminent members of the New York bar.

A new feature was introduced in the subclasses in topics for special study. These were optional, and they were placed under capable young graduates of the school. A small extra fee was charged for these special courses. Further, quiz classes were introduced without extra charge.

By the direction of the chancellor, Dr. Abbott organized graduate courses, open only to persons already admitted to the bar or possessing the degree of bachelor of laws. Thirty-three students were enrolled in these courses the first year, 1891-92. Dr. Abbott's long service at the New York bar, and especially his labors in law literature, rendered his graduate courses especially popular.

Inasmuch as the State of New York had provided by a recent law for the admission of women as well as men to the legal profession, it seems that justice required that they should not be excluded from law schools. In the fall of 1890 three women were admitted to the school, and took their degrees in May, 1892. The largest enrollment of women

has not yet reached 5 per cent of the whole number.

Contemporaneous with the admission of women to the law school a university-extension course on elementary law was established for nonmatriculants, and in particular for business women. The lecturer for the year 1890-91 was Mrs. Emily Kempin, who had received the degree of doctor of laws from the University of Zurich, in Switzerland. Four courses, each comprising 12 lectures, were given. These lectures occupied three forenoons each week for six months. They were repeated upon three evenings a week to classes made up of persons unable to attend in the daytime. Funds for the support of this lectureship were provided by a corporation of 12 women, entitled the Woman's Legal Education Society of New York.

UNIVERSITY MEDICAL COLLEGE.

The University Medical College in the circular of 1884-85 required only two terms of medical study, covering each six months. Its progress was hindered by a heavy indebtedness upon its property. With the year 1887, however, advanced steps began by the building of the Loomis laboratory and the reconstruction of the lecture rooms in the older buildings. In 1891, being the fiftieth anniversary of the medical college, the course was prolonged to two years of eight months each. The mortgage was removed and the professors were assigned fixed salaries, and thus made free to give their time and energy to instruction. These successive steps were made possible by the gift of over a third of a million dollars, which was almost equally appor

tioned for three objects: First, the liquidation of the mortgage upon the older property; second, the erection of the Loomis laboratory; third, the endowment of the laboratory not only for the purposes of instruction, but of research. The result of this elevation of the standard of instruction brought about, not unexpectedly, a large decrease in the number of students. In 1890-91 there were 696 students, decreasing in successive years to 547, 460, and 362. This last was the lowest number enrolled under the requirements of a three years' course for the degree of doctor of medicine.1

The palm of leadership in the work of the medical college in this period was awarded by all to the senior professor, Dr. Alfred L. Loomis, who served the university in the department of the institutes and practice of medicine from 1864 until his death, January 23, 1895.

FROM THE PURCHASE OF UNIVERSITY HEIGHTS TO THE PRESENT TIME.

In November, 1890, Dr. MacCracken, in his annual report to the university corporation, spoke as follows:

The marked advance of business into the neighborhood of the university raises the question whether our work might be advanced by any change of place.

Our work for undergraduates might certainly be enlarged and improved were grounds of some extent, within easy distance of the chief residence quarter of our city, placed at our command.

Our work for the school of law, the school of pedagogy, and the graduate division (except, perhaps, in courses requiring laboratory work) can have no better center than Washington square. Should, however, this ground become exceedingly valuable for business, the university could reserve for these objects the uppermost floor or floors of a great building to be erected upon this site, while the half dozen floors below might be made to add largely to our resources.

The university college for undergraduates, planted in some neighborhood easily accessible, could enjoy the use of land free from ordinary taxation and constantly rising in value. At first the roll of students might be diminished, yet in a short time a university college in a residence quarter, with attractive grounds, would fulfill more nearly the American ideal of a college than a college in a business locality ever can.

The graduate work would not suffer by the carrying on of some courses in the university building on this groun 1 and other courses at the university college.

The report asked for the appointment of a "committee upon university needs and endowments." This committee consisted of George Munro, David Banks, and William F. Havemeyer, with Charles Butler, the president of the corporation, and Dr. MacCracken, as ex officio members. The majority of the older members of the council, while wishing well to the advanced movement, saw obstacles in its way which to them seemed almost insuperable. The committee upon July 1, 1891, took an option for one year upon a plateau of land between East One hundred and eightieth street and East One hundred and eightyfirst street, overhanging the east bank of the Harlem River, with the Hudson and the Palisades in full view at the west and Long Island

1A course of four years has since been adopted.

Sound visible to the eastward. The tract stretched from Sedgwick avenue to Aqueduct avenue, unbroken by streets, a distance of over 1,600 feet, while from north to south the greatest width is over 800 feet. Besides this area included in the college campus, a site for boathouses on the Harlem River was secured, also grounds east and west of the university campus, but separated from it by city streets. These neighboring lots were designed to be sold to Greek-letter fraternities, professors, and others who might be especially desirous to plant themselves near by the undergraduate college. Subscriptions were solicited for the purchase of these grounds, to become binding when $200,000 had been promised. The total cost of the lands included in the college campus was about $400,000. The neighboring property purchased cost about $150,000 additional.

After the inception of the uptown movement Dr. John Hall retired from the chancellorship, which was conferred upon Vice-Chancellor MacCracken. By personal solicitation the latter secured subscriptions for the purchase of University Heights from more than 100 citizens of New York, amounting to $200,000, including the boathouse site, which was accepted as a subscription of $20,000. University Heights passed into the possession of the university on July 1, 1892.

A year later a few friends of the university purchased the estate lying immediately north of the university property and placed it on the city map as University Heights North. They were able thus to defend the University Heights neighborhood against undesirable uses, also to control the laying out of avenues and to enable the chancellor to secure a suitable residence.

Further, the Collegiate Church was provided with a handsome site fronting on the campus between Oxford Place and Loring Place. The Collegiate Consistory, the oldest ecclesiastical corporation on Manhattan Island, had generously resolved to establish a church at University Heights, no church edifice existing at that time within three-quarters of a mile of this point. They would provide not only fitting church buildings, but also the support of a minister out of their endowments, because of their interest in the work of the university, whose first three chancellors were honored members of the Dutch Reformed Church.

The university corporation was to profit further by "University Heights North," in that it was to receive the gift from certain gentlemen concerned of any profits derived by them from the transaction. Thus the total amount of land purchased, either by the university or on its behalf, approached 50 acres.

The work of securing subscriptions for the buildings at University Heights was carried on during the year 1893. The laboratory of chemistry had been pledged by Mr. William F. Havemeyer, of the university council, being the very first pledge toward the up-town movement. The larger part of the cost of the hall of languages was 3176-18

secured in 1893 by Dr. Alfred L. Loomis. It was resolved early in 1894 to remove the college by October 1 of that year. This was made possible by the erection of several buildings of temporary character. The first stone for a building at University Heights was laid on Founders' Day, April 18, 1894, by the graduating class. This stone. was taken from the walls of the old building upon Washington square, whose demolition had already begun. The last university exercises in the old building were held on the 18th of May, when the alumni held a farewell reunion. On October 1 there were ready for occupancy at University Heights five buildings, including the old mansion. The hall of languages was completed in November, the Havemeyer laboratory not until March 16. The great central building is at the date of this writing in the course of erection, comprising the library, administration offices, auditorium, and museum. Ultimately the entire building will, it is expected, be devoted to library uses, accommodating more than 1,000,000 volumes. For many years the library will not require the great hall, which will be used as an auditorium, seating over 1,500 people. The terrace-like extension toward the west will for the present form a museum about 250 feet long and nearly 40 feet wide, with a central skylight running its entire length. This will be subdivided into museums illustrating the work of various departments. A very striking feature of the library building is the ambulatory, which forms a semicircular colonnade above the western edge of the museum roof and extends southward to the hall of languages and northward to the hall of philosophy. It is constructed of Indiana stone, with a roof of Spanish tiles. Below the central point of this ambulatory is a fountain set against the wall, with a memorial tablet supported on three lions' heads from which the water pours into two huge granite basins placed one upon the other, whence it is conveyed to a drinking fountain on the edge of the avenue 30 feet below. The memorial tablet contains the following inscription:

New York University, chartered MDCCCXXXI.
University Heights, purchased MDCCCXCI.
University College, removed MDCCCXCIV.

This library was begun October, MDCCCXCV.
Bibliotheca fons eruditionis.

The most striking characteristic of the library interior will be the lighting of the reading room from a dome in imitation of the Pantheon, while around the reading room will be not less than 18 seminary rooms, one for each department, with a stack room adjoining. The entire cost of this structure, including the ambulatory, will be about three-quarters of a million dollars.

The plan of University Heights from the beginning included residence halls for students. The old mansion was at once fitted up for students' use and named in honor of the venerable president of the council the Charles Butler Hall. In the fall of 1895 the college close was planned on the eastern side of the campus. It comprises at least