special trade classes for older children requires, of course, a much greater expenditure for tools and machinery and for working materials.

TRANSPORTATION.

Aside from these details of architecture and equipment, two other special provisions, always necessary in connection with day schools for crippled children, are among the largest items of expense in such schools; namely, the busses which bring the children to school in the morning and take them home at night, usually accompanied by a nurse or a second man attendant in addition to the driver, and, secondly, the food served free or for very small payments at most of the day schools.

The crippled children are transported to and from their homes and the schools by omnibuses which travel along carefully planned routes so laid out that each bus gathers children from its section of the city with as little waste travel as possible. Horse-drawn omnibuses were first employed to transfer crippled children in most of the cities, and are still used in Philadelphia, in Cleveland, and to some extent in New York. In some cases the work was begun with ordinary carriages. But motor omnibuses are gradually replacing the horse vehicles. Motor busses are preferred because they make much faster time. For that reason they can cover a wider area and bring children from greater distances. Each bus can usually make several trips before and after school, and the children taken on each trip reach their destination much more quickly than they did in the horsedrawn busses. The children enjoy their rides to and from school, but it is not desirable that the journey should be more than threequarters of an hour in length if that can be avoided, since some of the children become too weary if they sit long at a time. The motor busses are more easily warmed, also, and therefore better in cold weather than horse busses.

In several cities the busses are provided by private owners who are paid by the city under contract. In Chicago, Detroit, and Baltimore the children are transported in police-patrol automobiles. In Baltimore the patrols used for the crippled children are marked "School Ambulance." The report of the New York superintendent of schools for 1915-16 (pp. 95-96) recommends that the city should purchase outright several motor busses with removable seats and cushions. These busses could be used not only for the transportation of crippled children to and from school but for their transportation to hospitals for treatment. On Saturdays and during vacation periods the seats and cushions could be removed and the busses could be used for ordinary transportation of supplies.

Drivers and attendants.--Each stage has a driver and an attendant able to lift the more helpless children. These attendants are some

B. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL FOR CRIPPLED AND DEFORMED CHILDREN, BOSTON, MASS.

A. OMNIBUS USED FOR TRANSPORTING CRIPPLED CHILDREN, NEW YORK.

times women but more often men. In several cases police officers have been employed. When the attendant is a woman the driver is expected to help to carry the larger children. In New York City the 28 stages furnished by the city have men attendants. The stages provided by the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children are accompanied by women nurses. The special teacher in charge of physically handicapped children urges the superiority of women attendants. She says:

The contract (to supply stage service paid for by the city) should also require the presence of a woman attendant in the stage instead of men or boys. In stages having women attendants results have been very satisfactory in the improved conduct of the children during transportation, in securing home care for the children, and in improved attendance. It would be a valuable addition to the home inspection if nurses from the board of health could be assigned to this work.

The use of men as attendants has thus far been in most cases a matter of convenience. Patrolmen have been assigned to this work in cities where children are transported in police-patrol wagons because this could be done without the expense of extra employees.

FOOD.

The second large item of expense in separate classes for cripples is the food served free or for very small payments. Hot lunches are usually given to the children at noon, consisting of a hot soup or stew, bread, cocoa, or milk, and a simple pudding. One or more vegetables are sometimes added. In many classes milk or milk and crackers are served when the children reach school or in the middle of the morning. In Chicago, Cleveland, Detroit, and Baltimore the food is furnished entirely free by the city. In New York and Philadelphia the bulk of the expense is met by private contributions, and the children make small payments if they are able to do so. For example, in Public School 107, in New York, soup was served for 3 cents, and sandwiches, cookies, cocoa, milk, etc., for 1 cent each. The children there are required to take the soup before they are allowed to have sweets. In some schools, where cripples buy food in the regular school lunch rooms used by all children in the building, the crippled children are served first.

A special study of the school lunch menu for crippled children in the public schools in New York was made in 1915-16. It was found that the children ate too much white bread, white crackers, and macaroni, and too many sweets. A change in the menu was urged, in order to include more food containing the mineral elements which are needed by all children, but especially by those cripples who have bone tuberculosis.

Nourishing food is part of a public school's provision of conditions which foster the physical well-being of children in the cripples' classes.

FRESH AIR.

Fresh air is another element which is desirable for all children, but of especial importance for children who have been ill and who need to gain as much strength as they can from every source. Any visitor to classrooms for crippled children will note that the air is purer than in most public-school rooms for normal children. This is especially true in schools which are supervised or visited by physicians, because they generally order open windows. The air in a number of classrooms visited seemed as pure as that out of doors, even during cold weather. This result was attributed to open windows rather than to a system of indirect ventilation. During the winter a plentiful supply of steam is furnished in most of the schools where the windows are kept open, and the children are expected to wear their outdoor wraps on the coldest days.

Outdoor classrooms.-None of the public day schools for cripples have special rooms or buildings designed for the use of outdoor classes. Several of the residential institutions conduct outdoor classes in special rooms whose arrangement may be mentioned here as of possible suggestive value for public schools. At the Massachusetts Hospital school outdoor classes are held on open platforms adjoining the school building, which forms the only solid wall. On the other three sides there is a tight board railing about 3 feet in height, with pillars at intervals which are connected overhead to the main building by rods, over which an awning can be drawn. The children sit in collapsible boxlike chairs with very high backs extending to the floor behind their feet, and with winged pieces of board at each side to break the wind. Very warm clothing, knit caps, and heavy blankets are provided.

The first specially designed building for outdoor school work for crippled children was completed about 1914 at the Industrial School for Crippled and Deformed Children in Boston. This building, erected at a cost of $15,000, has a substantial roof and one brick wall; the other three sides have steel pillars covered with concrete, between which there are sliding glass partitions. In order to obtain ventilation without a draft through the room, the roof is built in monitor form with movable windows in two sections. The seats used are similar in general design to those at the Massachusetts Hospital school. There are also half a dozen canvas cots which stand along the sunny southern side of the building and are used during rest periods.

A simpler outdoor school building was built at about the same time at the Sewickley Fresh-Air Home, near Pittsburgh. This building is roofed, but has no walls; glass partitions are used in winter.

These are the only institutions where school classes can be held out of doors throughout the year, but mention should be made of the