Industrial life.-The fur catch was plentiful during the past winter and the prices good. Food has been expensive, as usual, but most of the natives have had flour, sugar, and tea in their homes all winter. Competition between the local stores has benefited the natives, also the policy adopted by one store of keeping the price constant on food articles. Fluctuations in price bewilder the Eskimo and invariably get him deeper in debt.

The financial condition of the village is better now than ever before. As there were no severe storms this winter the traps set were not lost and could be well attended. Many natives have paid their old debts. Some, of course, will be in debt until they die. One man trapped 66 minks, another 23 foxes (mostly white) last winter. These were the largest catches reported.

Some freighting has been done by the natives at good prices. A few others have worked in the mines at Candle or on the Kobuk. Several make money by working on the river boats during the summer. The Selawik native is industrious and as a rule honest.

Some

In the “shipyard" there are now eight boats, seven sail and one gasoline. There will be two new ones constructed this summer. The reindeer boys also have a boat of their own. Selawik has more native boats than any other village near it. of the lumber used in the boats came from the States, but most of it was whipsawed and dressed by hand.

Fishing furnishes some support in the summer, but the catch is not dependable. The ownership of deer is the aim of many natives, and some invest in the purchase of reindeer everything they make each year. This form of savings bank pays good interest and is safe.

The reindeer.-Fawning time this spring was not attended by such cold weather as in some years, consequently fewer deaths of fawns occurred. The reindeer boys watched carefully night and day during this period. The natives realize every year that the fur catch will sometime cease and the deer man then will really come into his own. I camped a week at the largest herd during fawning time in order to oversee the work and learn more of the industry. The reindeer boys seemed to appreciate the interest shown in them and did their best.

Sale for Selawik deer meat has been good and the demand greater than the supply. The price varied from 12 to 20 cents per pound. The recent reindeer association organized at Noatak has fixed the price at a minimum of 15 cents.

Six deer men (two with their wives and children) made the trip to the Noatak reindeer fair. They returned full of "pep" and knowledge gotten there. Mrs. Jones and I also went, traveling farther than any other teachers in this district to attend a fair. What we saw and heard convinced us that the fair was a big thing in the education of the reindeer men. I have no doubt they will talk for years about the things seen and learned there. The spirit of earnestness, discussion of problems, competitive deermanship, and exhibit of handiwork can not be valued in dollars and cents. The small number of prizes made it difficult to properly award them. The giving of prizes, even though of small value, stimulates competition. However, the ribbons were proudly received and the spirit of earnestness could not be doubted. The reindeer fairs are to the Eskimos what conventions and institutes are to the teachers in the States.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC SCHOOL AT UGASHIK, ON THE ALASKA PENINSULA.

By WILL A. WILSON, TEACHER.

July, Alaska's harvest time, was very profitable to the natives of this village, as they then reaped over $3,600 in cash laboring in the salmon industry.

As soon as the last ship was gone all of the natives, as is their custom, left for the beautiful Ugashik Lakes, where they dry their fish for winter consumption.

I was unable to go with the crowd last fall as I was expecting the school supplies and waited here to receive them. About the second week of September the natives began returning to the village and the children entered school as fast as they arrived. October 24, John Nichols, a half-breed, arrived in a Columbia River boat with some of our supplies from Nushagak. The weather had been very rough and he and two small boys had been stranded on a flat near Naknek for several days before they got tide high enough to float them. After landing the supplies here they left for Port Heyden October 29. After crossing the Ugashik bar they found the sea so heavy that when they tried to run into Chegong Creek the boat capsized. The two children were lost. After drifting with the wreckage for about four hours, Nichols was washed ashore almost exhausted. Fortunately he was found and cared for by natives who were trapping at that point. We sent natives from here to attempt to find the two boys, but the bodies must have drifted out to sea, as our people have been unable to find them. Nichols's entire winter outfit was lost.

School work. The attendance was very good this year; the children were in school practically every day they were in the village and able to attend. The children from other villages always came to school when they happened to be here.

In addition to the textbook instruction, the girls, under Mrs. Wilson's guidance, made underclothes, shirts, and dresses for each child, and they are very proud of their accomplishment.

Each child took a bath in the school tub once a week and changed clothing. Monday morning, after our family washing was done, the older children used our washing machine and washed all of the soiled clothing belonging to the school children. Tuesday the girls ironed these clothes, and each child's towel and clothes were placed on the shelves ready to be used after the next bath.

Mrs. Wilson taught cooking to the girls and two of the boys; each child was allowed to take home a portion of the baking for family use. Some of the whites who have

no cooks were persuaded to furnish flour and other materials from which the girls made bread, cakes, and pies, two-thirds going to the men who furnished the flour and the rest to the girls. The girls take a great interest in domestic work and with the proper surroundings would make good housekeepers.

We were hampered a great deal this year on account of being unable to get our supplies. The boys and I expected to paint the school buildings inside and out this year, but the paint is still in Nushagak; visitors to the village are suggesting whitewash. Our manual training work this year consisted of making dog harnesses, one new sled, and repair work on others. The apprentices made reindeer harness, and the other boys made some boat models of such material as we had at hand. After Christmas the boys polished ivory which I bought at Nushagak last year. We also lengthened the flag pole 16 feet.

Entertainment. In November we began practice on our Christmas entertainment which consisted of songs, flag drills, recitations, and a little play entitled "Mother Goose's Christmas Party." Each child in the play was costumed for the part he or she was to take. The play gave a great deal of work to the children and much benefit was derived from the practice. At 4 o'clock on Christmas Day every one in the village was here and enjoyed the entertainment and the prettiest Christmas tree they had ever seen, an evergreen tree which I hauled about 80 miles for the occasion. This year many of the natives placed presents for one another on the tree and every man, woman, and child received a present. After the distribution of presents a lunch consisting of sandwiches, tea, and cakes was served.

The birthdays of Lincoln and Washington were celebrated with patriotic ceremonies. Medical work.-There has been a great deal of sickness in the villages of this region during the past year, and almost everyone is afflicted with a severe cold at present. Medical assistance was rendered 797 times during the year. The prevailing trouble, of course, was tuberculosis. We had nine cases of pneumonia, one of milk fever,

one of abcessed breast, four cases of severe frost bite, two of gunshot wound, and one case of foreign body in the eyeball caused by explosion of shotgun shell during process of loading. We handled all of these cases in the school, securing good results. Two of the pneumonia cases were fatal. In June I took the woman injured by the exploding shell to Naknek where Dr. Rosson, of the Alaska Packers' Association, removed the portion of shell from the eyeball. While I was away with this case, a native boy shot himself in the arm with a shotgun shattering both bones in the lower arm, destroying the joint, and breaking the bone in the upper arm. He was taken to the schoolhouse where Mrs. Wilson dressed the wound and stopped the hemorrhage. She then sent him to Naknek on one of the company's boats, where Drs. Rosson and Shafter operated on him. These cases were handled at Naknek through the kindness of Messrs. Smith and Nielsen, superintendents, as it was almost impossible to get the cases to the Government Hospital at Nushagak.

The medical work takes up a great deal of my time; it is hard to refuse to go to the other villages when they ask for aid. Uguguk is 60 miles from here and Upper Ugashik is 15 miles, so I am kept busy when they have much sickness there. Many cases have been brought here from other places for treatment in wintertime. During the past winter we have been short of many of the medicines we needed and we have no cough medicine of any kind or any liniment, as the supplies for last fall have not yet arrived from Nushagak. Dr. Borland sent some of the supplies by a man who was coming this way, but he could not bring a great amount. Dr. Borland was with us for three days in February and did some dental work for us.

During the winter I traveled by dog team as follows: To Nushagak and return, for medicine, 570 miles; to and from Naknek, taking child to Dr. Borland, 240 miles; to Uguguk and return, to treat a fractured leg, 120 miles; 36 trips to the upper village and return, medical calls, 1,080 miles; trip to reindeer herd and return, to treat a frozen boy, 60 miles; total, 2,070 miles.

There is no fund for this expense and if I had to hire a team it would have cost $517.50 for dogs, sled and driver, besides provisions and dog feed. I own my own team which cost me $140 and used during the year 3,186 fish valued at $288.95. Of these fish I caught and dried 1,760 of them myself during my last summer's vacation. On one trip I was caught in a blizzard and spent two days and three nights in a tent, without any stove or provisions. I had two native men with me and gave each of them a fish, took one myself, and kept the rest for the dogs. It was a trip we should have made in a day, as I took only tent, medicine, and dog feed; it was an urgent case and I felt that we could make the 60 miles in one day. It looked fine when we started, but when we were out about three hours the blizzard struck us so hard that we could not see. I would have perished on that trip had it not been for the natives and the animal heat from the dogs. The natives furnished the common sense and the dogs the heat. On the third day we started again, although it was still unfit to travel, but we made a trapper's camp where we found food and shelter, but we were "all in.” Besides these trips I visited each of the herds once a month. When I was away Mrs. Wilson taught school. She did this that I might care for the sick although she was not under salary.

We have the good will of every native within a radius of 300 miles and a feeling that we have done our duty to those in need.

ANNUAL REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC SCHOOL ON ATKA ISLAND, ONE OF THE ALEUTIAN ISLANDS.

BY AMOE B. CARR, MRS. ELLA D. CARR, AND LELAND E. CARR, TEACHERS. School began September 11, a few days after the last visit of the Coast Guard steamer. Our day-school enrollment was 17, and night-school enrollment 13. We held night sessions for the adults until the trapping season began. These sessions were attended

with much enthusiasm and interest. Our village chief attends regularly and has made great progress in English.

Day-school work. The children have made wonderful advancement this year in using English. The old women of the village ridiculed them so much that for a while it was very hard to get them to speak English, but since they have learned considerable English we hear it spoken quite often among the children at play.

They are excellent in memory work, hence spelling is one of their favorite subjects and they spell very well indeed. They are somewhat slow in arithmetic; we are trying to make it as practical as possible. The children are drilled much in changing money, buying groceries, and selling furs.

They like hygiene and have learned the meaning of "gorms," etc. We especially emphasize the ill' effects of alcohol and tobacco, as all the adults in the village make "sour-dough beer" and use tobacco.

We have been trying the phonic system of teaching reading to the beginners this year, and can declare it a great success. The children enjoy it and are learning faster than the other beginners did. The children all sing the old favorite songs and a num

ber of motion songs.

On Monday afternoon they draw and paint. They have made some very good pictures of objects with which they are familiar. On Tuesday and Thursday afternoons they sew, and this year they outlined a quilt. They made drawings of seals, foxes, reindeers, and other animals, and transferred them to white muslin, then outlined them in red. They also knitted a pair of mittens each, and a cap each, and sewed for each pupil two aprons, one underdress, and one suit of underwear. Before Christmas they made gifts for their parents and friends; hemstitched handkerchiefs, sewing bage, pin cushions, and doilies, while the little folks hemmed towels, made iron holders, and doll dresses. One afternoon each month is devoted, to patching and mending-boys included. While the children sew the teacher tells or reads stories to them. On Friday afternoon they learn new songs, tell stories, and learn new games. Wednesday afternoon is devoted to instruction in sanitation, hygiene, and cooking. The children have learned what foods contain the most nutrition; what to get for invalids, and how to cook a few simple dishes for everyday use. The children are young and we have not accomplished as much in cooking as we would like.

Sanitation and health.-The natives take pride in keeping the streets clean; they are graveled each year, and all refuse is carried into the bay. The houses are scrubbed triweekly, and bedding is aired every fine day. Some washing is done every day in the week. Windows are opened at night and every fine day, as the natives are learning that fresh air means health. We have been fighting lice ever since we came here. Lousy children were in disgrace and were placed in the lice row" in school. This year we have not seen a louse on a single child. We are really proud of this achievement.

The health of the village was very good this year, with the exception of a peculiar siege of dysentery and vomiting which broke out last fall among the children and lasted from three to six days. We cared for them the best we could and all recovered. There were no deaths. Four babies were born, all fine strong girls. We gave special care and attention to the babies, instructing the mothers as to the best method o feeding and clothing them. The mothers listened to our advice and, in a measure, tried to follow our instructions. The children all run to the teacher when they get a cut, burn, or scratch. They have learned that sores heal readily when given proper care, and they do not want their mothers to put old rags on their wounds.

Occupations of women.-During the winter months while their husbands are away the women have little to do but weave baskets. This is very tiresome, close work, and we are discouraging it to some extent. We tell them to get out and walk or fish on nice days, and leave their weaving for stormy days. After much persuasion we succeeded in getting some of the women to set traps near home. One woman caught

two blue foxes, which will probably net her close to $100, which is more than she could make in a year by basket weaving. The outdoor exercise also improved her health. On Thursday afternoons the women all come to the schoolhouse to sew and do fancywork. There is much rivalry among them to see who can do the nicest work. They have made the following articles: Ten crocheted doilies; 7 pairs of pillow slips, hemstitched; 5 knitted sweaters; 18 pairs of knitted mittens; 12 crocheted caps; 12 middies; 10 white dresses; 10 aprons; 12 underdresses; and 12 nightgowns. Besides these articles many yards of lace were crocheted to trim the skirts and dresses.

While the women sew the teacher instructs them in hygiene, cooking, and generalwelfare subjects. They are good listeners, but rather poor conversationalists. However, I have learned more of their wants and desires during these afternoon talks than by any other means.

Occupations of men.-Last summer we purchased a net and with the aid of the men of the village secured enough fish to supply the whole village with salt and dried fish for the winter.

The men hunt eider down, eggs, and sea lion in the summer; eider down for quilts, and the sea lion for use in making shoes and bidarkies. This year has been a bad one on trappers; there has been so much snow. The natives say the worst in years. In spite of all drawbacks they have done very well.

The total number of blue foxes caught was 169; silver gray, 33; white, 2. The total income from foxes was $8,096; $375 was paid out for labor: $200 for basketry. The total income of the village was $8,671. This makes a per capita of $135.48 for 1917 to compare with $24.45 in 1912.

Native store. The increase in the income of the village is entirely due to the native store, which was established here four years ago. The natives receive the full value of the foxes sold, and as each year passes we are getting a larger stock and are able to give better prices on goods sold. The new store building which was erected last summer has given the natives confidence in the permanency of the establishment. They are proud of the store and think they are fortunate indeed to be so favored. The chief with all his people wish to express their appreciation to the Bureau of Education for the school and especially the store. Their homes are better furnished; they have warmer, neater clothing; better and more food; and even a few luxuries are now available.

Buildings and improvements.—Besides the store building there have been erected four new frame houses, four toilets, and a silo. Water is piped from a near-by spring through the village and into the school building. A faucet was placed in the center of the town and all can get good water without tracking through the mud up to the spring. Five new dories have been built. All the new houses have been painted this spring.

Last January a severe storm from the northeast washed away the wall in front of the schoolhouse, and for a time we thought it would carry the building out, but the sea subsided before that happened. The men put up a new wall which can be only temporary. Nothing but a cement wall will hold against the great seas which surge in here in wintertime.

Stock. We now have seven head of cattle. The silo came up in September and by the time it was erected it was quite late for ensilage, but we filled it about half full. This winter was so severe that the cattle would have perished had we not put up ensilage. During the summer months they get fat, and during an ordinary winter they can secure almost all their food out of doors. It seems to be an ideal place for raising stock. The reindeer are increasing. No accurate count has been made, but we estimate that there are about 75 on the island. There is grass and moss enough on the island to feed a large herd.

Agriculture. Last spring we planted one crate of potatoes and in the fall when we dug them up we found only little marbles, about 20 pounds of them. This spring the