The use of the term in the passages referred to, is in accordance with a remark on page 348 of the same work, that the tracing of the root in English involves, from the mixed character of our language, a knowledge of the euphonic laws severally of the Greek, Latin, Teutonic, and also of the Sanscrit languages.'

The convenience or utility of technical expressions, such as guna and vriddhi, in English philology, will not be admitted by all; for it requires philological tact or experience in order to appreciate it. Although these vowel-affections are often involv ed in the form of an English word, yet they are rarely unaccompanied by some other intricate philological principle which obscures the perception of them. I shall attempt only a few illus

trations.

In investigating the root of the English verb to leap, we naturally seek for a root with a short vowel, which all roots are supposed to have. We go first to the Anglo-Saxon, which is to be regarded merely as an older form of English, and there find pres. hleape, past hleop, part. hleapen. We then go to the Maso-Gothic, which is to be regarded as an older form of Anglo-Saxon, and there find pres. hlaupa, past hlaihlaup, part. hlaupans, a verb of the twelfth Teutonic conjugation according to the arrangement of Schmitthenner, (=third conj. of Grimm.) The radical vowel, as admitted by all philologists, in this conjugation is u, which in each of the three leading parts in gunated. Hence the root is v hlup, from which we easily explain the obsolete preterit lope, and the verbs to lope and to elope.

In investigating the root of Eng. to beat, we go to the AngloSaxon pres. beate, past beot, part. beaten, which corresponds exactly to pres. hleape, past hleop, part. hleapen. This verb is not found in the existing monuments of Maso-Gothic, but we infer from analogy that it belonged to the twelfth Teutonic conjugation. Hence the root is but.

This will explain what is said in Prof. Fowler's English Grammar, p. 351.

"The root v but appears in Anglo-Saxon beate, I beat, a verb of conj. xii. past beot, part. beaten, where ea of the present and participle represents au, the gunation of the radical vowel u, and eo of the past represents the reduplication which belongs to the twelfth conjugation.'

In investigating the root of Eng. to bide, 'to wait,' we go to Anglo-Sax. pres. bide, past bâd, plur bidon, part. biden, and thence to Goth. pres. beida, past baid, part. bidans, a verb of the fifth Teutonic conjugation, according to the arrangement of Schmitthenner, (=eighth conj. of Grimm.) The radical vowel

in this conjugation, as admitted by all philologists, is i, which is gunated in the present and past. Hence the root is v bid. This explains what is said in Fowler's Eng. Gram. p. 353, concerning Teutonic ✔ bid.

In investigating the root of Eng. to blink, we reject the epenthetic n, and then go to Anglo-Sax. pres. blice, I shine,' past blac, plur. blicon, part. blicen, which corresponds exactly to Anglo-Sax. pres. bide, etc, as above, and belongs to the fifth Teutonic conjugation. Hence its root is v blic. This explains what is said of Teutonic v blic in Fowler's Gram. p. 353.

The doctrine concerning guna enables us to understand, how Eng. light, (Goth. liuhath,) comes from v luh, i. q. Lat. v luc; how Eng. blue, (Germ. blau,) comes from v blu, agreeing in form with root of Lat. fulvus; Eng. tree, (Goth. triu,) comes from ✓ tru, i. q. Gr. dgv; Eng. loud, (Germ. laut,) comes from v hlu, the root also of Eng. to low, as an ox.

The doctrine concerning guna and vriddhi enables us to understand how veda (Sansk. science,') a sacred book among the Brahmans comes from v vid, 'to know,' Lat. v vid, 'to see; the vowel e (=ai) being the gunation of i; also how Saiva, a follower of Siva, (see Am. Or. Soc. Journ. II. 137,) comes from Siva; and Vaishnaya, a follower of Vishnu,' (see Ibid.) comes from Vishnu, ai being the vriddhi of the vowel i. This doctrine also enables us to understand how Lat. i (ih,) when in an open accented syllable in English, becomes i (from ai;) as, Lat. libellus, Eng. libel; Lat. diversus, Eng. diverse. Here the original form of the word being disturbed by dropping the termination, the Eng. i (ai) is the combination of Lat. i (ih) with the accent or stress of voice.

Prof. R. G. Latham in his work on the English Language has, I believe, no reference direct or indirect to the guna.

It is not sufficient to refer generally to an euphonic law of the Sanskrit language, nor to speak merely of a strengthening or diphthongizing of certain vowels, but, if we would promote science, we must have more specific and definite language.

ART. XI.-PROFESSOR STANLEY.

In addition to the bereavement which Yale College has recently sustained in the death of Professor Kingsley and of Professor Norton, she has again to mourn the loss of another of her officers in the death of the Professor of Mathematics, Mr. Anthony D. Stanley, who expired at the house of his father in East Hartford, on the evening of the 16th of March last. He had been for more than three years struggling against an insidious malady, consumption, which, after exciting many alternations of hopes and fears, has at length sundered the thread of life at the age of forty-three, when he had hardly attained his full meridian. It will be consolatory to his numerous friends and widely scattered pupils to learn, that his sickness, though protracted, was not peculiarly distressing, and that his end was peaceful, being cheered with the animating hopes of the Christian.

From early childhood, Professor Stanley gave unequivocal signs of superior mental endowments, and even while at the Grammar School, became distinguished for his mathematical talents, and for those habits of punctuality, and that thoroughness in study, which characterized his later life. In 1826 he joined the Freshman Class in Yale College. He uniformly maintained a rank among the first scholars of his class, and in the mathematical and physical sciences he had scarcely an equal. He graduated with distinction in 1830, and spent the two following years as assistant teacher in the Hartford Grammar School, where he had fitted for College, and where he had enjoyed the high privilege of being initiated in the rudiments of a scientific and classical education, under two distinguished instructors, Reverend Dr. Edward Beecher, and Professor Wm. M. Holland. From this post he was in 1832 recalled to College, to the office of Tutor, in which he served with great acceptance and marked ability, until 1836, when, on the separation of the department of Mathematics from that of Natural Philosophy, with which it had been before united, he was elected to fill the Mathematical chair.

With the desire of accomplishing himself more fully for the duties of this appointment, Professor Stanley, with the leave of the Corporation, passed the two following years in Europe, where he pursued his professional studies under the most celebrated masters, whose high attainments and modes of giving instruction at once exalted his aims, and increased his ability as a teacher. The latter portions of his residence abroad, he devoted in a great degree to traveling through the different

countries of Europe, viewing nature and society in their varied features, inspecting the great monuments of art, and forming the personal acquaintance of the most celebrated mathematicians and philosophers. Returning to the scene of his future labors, he entered upon a course of severe study, which he pursued with unremitting diligence for the years following, until the failure of his health compelled him to desist. His best hours were given to the appropriate studies of his profession, the pure mathematics; but the more broken portions of his time were bestowed on the current literature of the day, in which he appeared ever to be well informed. Meanwhile, he applied himself with great constancy and faithfulness to his duties as a teacher, always evincing in the recitation-room the most finished preparation, and setting before his pupils an example of unfailing accuracy. Seldom has an instructor of youth, it is believed, inspired in his pupils a higher opinion of his competency to give instruction, or a more exalted admiration of his own talents and attainments in the department of instruction which he professed.

His pen, also, was not idle during the period under review. He has left among his papers a number of original researches, the analysis of which, we have no doubt, will exhibit the profoundness of his powers of investigation, as well as the thoroughness of his knowledge of the science. A few years since, we had the pleasure of witnessing a most lively and interesting interview, between several of our most eminent mathematicians and a foreign mathematician of distinguished celebrity. The discussion of new and contested points was carried on with great spirit, and Professor Stanley, who was one of the party, entered into it with a degree of warmth and assurance which was quite unusual for him. The foreign professor afterwards incidentally expressed to us an emphatic opinion of his mathematical talents and learning. Mr. Stanley had a high appreciation of the importance of placing in the hands of students the best textbooks, and contemplated the preparation of a number of such works. He was permitted to finish but two,-a short treatise on Spherical Trigonometry, and a set of Logarithmic Tables. Instead of the limited and inaccurate tables which have heretofore been the only ones usually accessible to College students, he hoped to be able to secure to them, in the compass of a small volume, all the advantages of the elaborate tables of Hutton, of Callet, and of Taylor. He had entered upon the preparation of this work when he first saw a copy of Shortrede's extensive work. This collection had been made with great care and expense, and put forth extraordinary claims to perfection, challenging the severest scrutiny, and offering a considerable

premium for the detection of any error. The book had been in the hands of Professor Stanley but a few hours before he found no less than three palpable errors. In his own work it is said that as yet only two errors have been detected after six years' daily use by numerous computers. Notwithstanding all the helps which the compiler of such a set of tables can derive from similar works, to bring so many advantages over others within so limited a space, and to excel them all in accuracy, implies superior powers of methodizing and arranging, and untiring assiduity in carrying the work through the press. Of all and each of these traits of character, Stanley's Logarithms furnishes the most unequivocal evidence. Several choice articles on mathematical subjects, scattered through Silliman's Journal, although regarded but as an earnest of what might hereafter be expected from his pen in this recondite sphere of intellectual enterprise, have been sufficient to inspire the respect and to awaken the expectations of mathematicians.

In the fall of 1849, while advancing in this useful and honorable career, Professor Stanley was suddenly arrested by a pneumonic affection, which developed symptoms that alarmed his friends and urged upon him the necessity of suspending his studies, and fleeing from the severities of his native climate during the ensuing Winter. Accordingly he resorted to Egypt, where he experienced some alleviation of his sufferings, and was exhilarated with the hope of a speedy recovery. Unfortu nately he joined a party to cross the Great Desert, the fatigues and privations of which enterprise proved unfavorable to his health and aggravated his disorders. After visiting Jerusalem and various interesting places in Syria and Asia Minor, he returned home somewhat improved in appearance, but, as was too apparent to his friends, still bearing about him indications that his disease was making sure though slow progress. He made an attempt, the ensuing fall, to resume his College duties, but after a severe struggle he retired to the home of his childhood, where parental love was ready to soothe his sufferings and to do all that fond affection could do to smooth his descent to the tomb. His funeral was attended by a large concourse of his fellow citizens, and by the President and several of the Professors of the College. In a brief eulogy the President bore full testimony to the virtues of our deceased friend, to his high mental endowments, to his faithfulness as an officer of College, to his pure morals, his uncommon modesty, so often the associate of superior minds, and his amiable and affectionate disposition; and he expressed for himself and his colleagues the deep sorrow universally felt at the College for the loss of one so justly respected and beloved.