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in Albemarle. The anarchical state of the colony was, in the main, the result of the indiscreet interference of the Proprietors. While Ludwell was Governor Ludwell. the people were delivered from oppression;

but such was the disorder under his inefficient rule that the population was largely diminished. In 1693, he was made Governor of both colonies, and removed to Charleston.

South Caro

The Ashley River settlement was commenced in 1670, by a company of emigrants led by Joseph West, and by William Sayle, who was to take the office of Governor. They were sent out under the auspices of the Prolina. prietors. The "Fundamental Constitutions," it was seen by them at once, could not be put in force. They established a mode of government in which the powers of the executive were limited, and delegates to the legislature were chosen by the people. In 1672, Charleston was fixed upon as the permanent site for the settlement. In 1671, there was an arrival of Dutch emigrants from New York. In the same year, negro slaves were imported. It was not long before they greatly outnumbered the whites. There were many additions to the colony from England. Among them was a company of Scotch-Irish, who came over in 1683. A small settlement of Presbyterian families from Scotland at Port Royal was swept away by a Spanish incursion. An event of great importance in relation to the future history of South Carolina was the coming of Huguenot emigrants, fugitives from the persecution which followed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. They settled on the Cooper River. For a time they were not admitted to political rights, but after an interval these were granted to them.

The Huguenot settlers.

Sayle died in 1671. In 1674, Joseph West took the office, which he administered for nine years with energy

and prudence. Then for a long period there was much turbulence and a struggle of factions. A portion of the settlers consisted of worthless adventurers. Civil disturbThe colonists resisted the prosecution for

ances.

debts which had been elsewhere contracted. In this matter the Proprietors were at variance with them. There was contention with them, also, on account of the shelter and impunity granted at Charleston to piratical assailants of Spanish vessels. These doings threatened to bring on war between Spain and England. The party in favor of the King and the Church was formed by the Proprietors, although a majority of the settlers, and the soundest part of them, were Dissenters. Then attempts to enforce the Navigation Laws were sure to breed disturbance and excite resistance. A chronic source of trouble was the Fundamental Constitutions," some of the peculiar features of which the Proprietors, from time to time, sought to introduce. The effort to enforce the adoption of them, which was begun by Governor Colleton in 1686, was withstood by the colonial parliament. In 1689, he declared martial law. Colleton was openly resisted, and was banished from the province.

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CHAPTER VII.

NEW ENGLAND TO THE PLANTING OF CONNECTICUT

IN 1636

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The Plymouth Company-The Popham Colony-John Smith in New England-The Council of New England-Puritanism in England-Religious Parties in Elizabeth's Reign-The Independents-The Scrooby Congregation-The Pilgrims in Holland-The Voyage of the Mayflower-The Settlement at Plymouth-The Government at Plymouth-Growth and Character of the Colony-Towns-Mason's Grant of New Hampshire-The New Puritan Emigration-Endicott at SalemThe Charter of the Massachusetts Company-The First Congregational Church-Alleged Intolerance" of the Puritans -Transfer of the Massachusetts Company to New England -John Winthrop-The Great Emigration to MassachusettsSufferings of the Colony-Its Form of Government-Congregationalism-Roger Williams-Williams Founds ProvidenceVane-Mrs. Ann Hutchinson-Winthrop again Chosen Governor-Heroic Spirit of the Colony-Council of New England Surrenders its Charter-Roger Williams and his Colony-Settlement of Rhode Island-The Settlements in New Hampshire -Gorges' Settlement in Maine.

The Ply

pany.

THE Plymouth Company was almost eclipsed by the London branch of the Virginia Corporation. The London Company was rich and influential. All mouth Com- eyes were attracted to the body under whose auspices the Jamestown colony had been sent out. Yet the promoters of the Plymouth Company, especially Sir Ferdinando Gorges, from the outset a prime mover in the whole enterprise, were not inactive. On the return of Weymouth from his voyage, in 1606, several

Indians, whom he brought back with him, were trained, under the superintendence of Gorges, to serve as interpreters and intermediates between the English and the natives.

In 1607, a few months after the beginnings at Jamestown, two vessels were sent out by Gorges and his associates to establish a permanent colony. They The Popham carried one hundred and twenty persons, Colony. under Captain Raleigh Gilbert, with George Popham, a brother of the Chief Justice, as President. They reached Monhegan Island, a place of frequent resort for voyagers, situated off the Maine coast. They chose for the site of their settlement the near peninsula of Sabino on the main-land, where they erected a church, a storehouse, and other buildings. The ships carried back a glowing account of the new country. But the familiar record is once more to be repeated. The winter was very severe, Popham died, and the news of the death of the Chief Justice arrived. The disheartened colonists abandoned the settlement and returned to England. Thus ended the "Popham Colony." In 1614, Captain John Smith, the hero of the Virginia colony, John Smith again appears, this time on the coast of Maine. and New EngHe explains the errand on which he came. He was to take whales or discover mines; or, failing in such endeavors, he was to obtain fish and furs. In these last attempts he was successful. But he did incidental work of far greater consequence. This tireless explorer moved along the coast in a boat from the Penobscot to Cape Cod. To a number of places he gave names, some of which, as recorded on his map, still remain. He gave to the region the name of New England. His "Description of New England," which he published on his return, is a somewhat picturesque, as well as generally accurate, account of what he saw. In this and in the sub

land.

sequent writings of Smith, there are not wanting a generous enthusiasm and more enlightened views relative to the ends and methods of colonization than were generally entertained. He continued to be employed by the Plymouth Company. He was anxious to combine with Gorges and the Plymouth leaders others who were possessed of larger means. "Much labour," he writes, “I had taken to bring the Londoners and them to joyne together, because the Londoners have much money, and the Westerne men are most proper for fishing; and it is neere as much trouble, but much more danger, to saile from London to Plimouth, than from Plimouth to New England." He was thwarted, however, by the ambition of both parties to be "lords of this fishing." He was bent on establishing a permanent colony on the coast which he had described and delineated. Twice he set sail to carry out his design, but was baffled each time by accidents. He would have set out a third time, but was kept back at Plymouth by head winds which prevailed for three months. Smith retained the well-earned title which he had received from the Plymouth Company, of Admiral of New England.

The Coun

England.

Gorges had expended large sums from his own private fortune in exploring and trading expeditions, and in unsuccessful exertions to plant settlements. These cil of New enterprises had been set on foot by him and his friends, acting in the name of the Plymouth Company. At length there was opened before them the prospect of large gains by a monopoly in the fisheries. It was just at the time when James was engaged in the experiment of ruling without a Parliament, and was dispensing monopolies with a lavish hand. Gorges was a supporter of the King's party, and was helped by influential noblemen. In 1620, he, and the "Gentlemen Adventurers" with him, obtained a patent, to take the place of

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