government was altered to conform to the customs of England. Nicolls was an able and faithful ruler. But he was painfully disturbed by the news that, from motives of friendship, the Duke of York had inconsiderately made a grant of the territory of Nova Cæsarea, or New Jersey, to Sir George Carteret and Lord Berkeley. The right of jurisdiction, although not expressly conveyed, was claimed by them.

land and

France.

The refusal of Clarendon to accept the terms proposed by Louis XIV., for peace between England and Holland, War be- led to a declaration of war by France, and to tween Eng- a counter-declaration by England, in January, 1666. An order was sent out to the American colonies to conquer New France. But it was found to be impracticable to engage in hostilities in that direction. The French, not satisfied with the relations in which they stood with the Five Nations, made war upon them, and succeeded in forcing them to recognize Louis as their protector and sovereign. The peace of Breda, which ended the European war, confirmed the English in their possession of New Netherland. Nicolls was permitted to return to England. He was succeeded by Lovelace, who was prudent, and of a moderate temper. Fisheries and trade with the other colonies were encouraged. The triple alliance of 1668, in which Great Britain was joined with Holland and Sweden, tended to cement the union of the Dutch and English inhabitants of New York. There was occasional trouble about taxes, especially on Long Island, and there were contests respecting boundaries with Connecticut and with Massachusetts.

Lovelace.

In 1673, in the war against Holland, in which the EngNew Neth- lish and French were allied, New York surerland retak rendered to a Dutch squadron, and the rule of the Hollanders was extended over the prov

en by the Dutch.

ince, to the joy of many of the old Dutch inhabitants. The Prince of Orange was sagacious enough to see that New York would be a precarious possession, and in the treaty of 1674 it was restored to the English. Returned to Sir Edmund Andros received the government the English. from the hands of Colve, the Dutch ruler in this interval. Andros was a firm, and, on the whole, a wise Governor. He abstained from the use of force to bring Western Connecticut under his authority. He cultivated the friendship of the Mohawk Indians, and formed an alliance with the Iroquois, an act of the utmost importance in relation to the great conflict with the French that was sure to come. The new patent that was issued to the Duke of York in 1674, enlarged his authority. He enforced the Navigation Act, and by promoting intercourse with England did much to make New York "the most English in sentiment of the American colonies." In a description of New York, from the pen of Andros, in 1678, he speaks of it as containing twenty-four towns or described by villages, enumerates its products and exports, and says that the men capable of bearing arms are two thousand in number. He adds: "Religions of all sorts-one Church of England, several Presbyterians and Independents, Quakers, and Anabaptists of several sects, some Jews, but Presbyterians and Independents most numerous and substantial." Under the direction of the Governor, a classis of the Reformed Church was established in New York for the purpose of ordaining ministers. In reference to New Jersey, Andros contended for the jurisdiction of the Duke there, arrested Carteret, and refused to liberate him after a jury had acquitted him. The disputes in regard to New Jersey, in connection with complaints against him on some other matters, led to his recall to England, where he was fully exonerated from blame. In 1683, Thomas Dongan, an

New York

Andros.

Dongan.

Irish officer, was made Governor. He brought with him instructions to issue writs for an Assembly to share with the Governor and Council in the work of legislation. No tax was to be levied without its sanction. But no act was to be valid without the assent of the Duke. The As

Charter of Sembly passed a “charter of liberties and privliberties. ileges," among which was included a guaranty of "freedom of conscience and religion" to those "who profess faith in God by Jesus Christ." The act was approved by the Duke, but not until October, 1684. Dongan was himself a Roman Catholic. As far as the relations of New York to the Indians and the French were concerned, he did everything that he could to promote its interests. He made friends with the natives, and baffled the designs of the French.

New York

ince.

The Duke of York, on his accession to the throne, as James II., in 1685, abolished the popular Assembly. New York became a royal province instead of a royal prov- a nominal duchy. The treacherous treatment of the Iroquois by the French fortified their alliance with the English. In 1688, Andros arrived on his mission to consolidate the northern colonies under a vice-regal government. On August 11th, he began the exercise of his authority in New York. He went to Albany and renewed the covenant with the Iroquois. He notified the Governor of Canada that the Five Nations would be protected as the subjects of the King of England. The feeling of the Protestant inhabitants of New York was the same as that of Protestants in the other colonies and in England. There was a distrust of James and a belief that his policy of religious toleration was a part of a scheme by which he hoped more effectually to build up the Roman Catholic cause in England, and to advance the dominion of the papacy. When the news of the Revolution of 1688 arrived, the people rose under the

leadership of a German named Leisler, who seized the fort. The government was placed in his hands. Nicholson, the Deputy Governor, sailed for England. The revolt of Leisler was arbitrary and violent in his pro

Leisler.

ceedings. In opposition to him, another government was set up at Albany. As we shall see, it was not until 1692 that the conflicts and dissensions which ensued upon the Revolution passed by, and the province again found itself under a stable government.

13

CHAPTER X.

NEW JERSEY TO 1688

Grant to Berkeley and Carteret-Settlement at Elizabeth-Settlement at Newark-East Jersey-West Jersey Acquired by Penn and His Associates-Sale to Penn of Carteret's Rights-Scottish Emigration to East Jersey-Effect of the Revolution of 1688.

وو

THE immediate gift of the territory of New Jersey by the Duke of York to two courtiers, Lord John Berkeley and Sir George Carteret, proved a fruitful source of contention and injustice. It was called "Nova Cæsarea in honor of Carteret's brave defence of the island of Jersey, which he held for Charles II.; but the corresponding English name soon supplanted the Latin. The deed of transfer gave to the two proprietors all the powers which belonged to the Duke, “in as full and ample a manner as they had been possessed by him." For the reason that powers of government were not explicitly mentioned, there was afterward much dispute on the question whether they were included in the Duke's grant. In February, 1665, the proprietors prepared an instrument comprising The Consti- "concessions and agreements," for all present

tution.

and prospective settlers. This document served as a constitution for the community under their charge. The government was to be lodged in a Governor, Council, and an Assembly of representatives. The Governor and Council were to appoint and remove all officers. They could levy no tax without the consent of