called Great Bulgaria, and is now comprehended in the Russian government of Orenburg. They afterwards removed to the countries between the Bog and the Danube, and called their territories Second Bulgaria. They passed the Danube in 539, made themselves masters of the coasts of the Black sea, as far as mount Hamus, subdued the Sclavonic tribes of that region, and founded the kingdom of Black Bulgaria. They penetrated Thrace, Macedonia and Thessaly, and their wars with the Greek empire were very sanguinary. Whole provinces were reduced to deserts, called Bulgarian forests, and the Greeks, not less barbarous, put out the eyes of 15,000 Bulgarian prisoners in one day. Their kingdom, which extended, in 1010, over Macedonia, Albania and Servia, was destroyed by the emperor Basil II, and the dispersed tribes took refuge in Turkey, in 1185. Those who remained in B. revolted, and formed, with the Walachians, a new kingdom, which was sometimes the ally and sometimes the vassal of the Byzantine empire, until it was finally conquered by the Ottomans, in the 14th century.

BULIMIA. The persons attacked by this disorder are tormented with an insatiable hunger. When their stomach is surfeited, they are seen to faint, and throw off the food which they have taken, half digested, and with violent pain. It usually appears as a concomitant of other diseases. It occurs during certain intermittent fevers, in certain diseases of the stomach and bowels, particularly in such as are produced by the tape-worm; and is also common after fevers, by which the strength of the patient is exhausted. In this last case, it arises from the effort of all parts of the body to supply the lost flesh and strength. In certain cases, however, the extraordinary desire for food seems to be caused by a particular condition of the stomach, which digests with too great rapidity. This is observed sometimes in women during their pregnancy, in young people who exercise too violently, and in persons who take much high-seasoned and heating food. In this case, the desire is not to be considered as a disease, but only as an excessive appetite. As a disease, its consequences are dreadful-leanness, pulmonary fevers, consumption, constipation, dropsy.

BULKI, OF BALKH. (See Afghanistan.)

BULK-HEADS; certain partitions or walls built up in several places of a ship between two decks, either lengthwise or

across, to form and separate the various apartments.

BULL; the name applied to the males of all the species of ox (bos, L.) (See 01.) BULL; an instrument, ordinance or decree of the pope, treating of matters of faith or the affairs of the church, written on parchment, and provided with a lead seal The word was originally the name of the seal itself. The papal bulls are commonly designated by the words with which they begin; e. g., the bulls In cœna Domini, Cum inter, Unigenitus, Ascendente, &c. A collection of bulls is called bullary. Certain ordinances of the German emperors are also called bulls. The golden bull, emphatically so called, from the seal attached to it being in a gold box, is that fundamental law of the German empire enacted by the emperor Charles IV, in two diets, held in succession, in 1356, at Nuremberg and at Metz, with the assist. ance of the electors, and, in part, with the assent of the empire. The chief design of the golden bull was to fix,with certainty, the manner of electing the emperor, and whatever was connected with it. Another object was to check the lawless violence of the times, which was not, however, then effected. (For an account of the particular bulls of importance, see the separate articles.)

BULL-BAITING; the barbarous and unmanly sport of setting dogs on a bull, who is tied to a stake, with the points of his horns muffled, and torn to death for the amusement of the spectators. Bears and badgers are baited, even at the present day, in the cock-pits in London, and dog-fights also are exhibited in the same places.

BULL-DOG; a variety of the common dog, called, by naturalists, canis molossus, remarkable for its short, broad muzzle, and the projection of its lower jaw, which causes the lower front teeth to protrude beyond the upper. The condyles of the jaw are placed above the line of the upper grinding teeth. The head is massive and broad, and the frontal sinuses large. The lips are thick and pendulous; the ears pendant at the extremity; the neck robust and short; the body long and stout, and the legs short and thick. The bull-dog is a slow-motioned, ferocious animal, better suited for savage combat, than for any purpose requiring activity and intelligence For this reason, he is generally employed to guard houses, especially by the butch ers, tanners, &c., and this office he performs with great fidelity. The butchers use bull-dogs in catching and throwing

first successful battle, at Möckern, April 5; May 2, took Halle, and protected Berlin from the danger which threatened it, by his victory at Luckau, June 4. After the armistice, he commanded the third division of the army, under the crownprince of Sweden, and saved Berlin a second time by the memorable victory of Grosbeeren, Aug. 23. He relieved the same city a third time, by the great victory at Dennewitz. (q. v.) For this service, the king made him one of the few grand knights of the iron cross, and, after the end of the campaign, bestowed on him the title count Bülow of Dennewitz, and made the same hereditary in his family. At the storming of Leipsic, Oct. 19, he took an important part. He distinguished himself equally in Westphalia, Holland, Belgium, on the Rhine, at Laon, and took Soissons and Lafere. After the peace, he was commander-in-chief in East Prussia, and Lithuania. At the opening of the campaign of 1815, he received the chief command of the fourth division of the army, with which he contributed so essentially to the victory of Waterloo, that the king gave him the command of the 15th regiment of the line, which was to bear, in future, the name of the regiment of Bülow von Dennewitz. Jan. 11, 1816, he resumed the chief command in Königsberg, in Prussia, and died there, Feb. 25, 1816. B. was highly esteemed, both as a citizen and as a man. He had learned the art of war, in early youth, scientifically, and continued the same study with unremitting diligence, throughout his military course. He was also devoted to literature and the fine arts. Music especially attracted him, and he composed many motets, a mass, and the 51st and 100th psalms.

BÜLOW, Henry von, born at Falkenberg, in Brandenberg, 1770, studied in the military academy at Berlin, and afterwards entered the Prussian service. But he soon retired, and occupied himself with the study of Polybius, Tacitus, and J. J. Rousseau, and then served for a short period in the Netherlands. He afterwards undertook to establish a theatre, but immediately abandoned his project, and visited the U. States; from whence he returned poor in purse, but rich in experience, and became an author. His first work was on the Art of War, in which he displayed uncommon talents. He wrote a book on Money, translated the Travels of Mungo Park, and published, in 1801, his History of the Campaign of 1800. In 1804, he wrote Lehrsätze des neuern Krieges (Theory of

modern Warfare), and several other military works, among which is Tactics of the Moderns as they should be. In the former, he points out the distinction between strategy and tactics, and makes the triangle the basis of all military operations. This principle of his was opposed by Jomini, and other French writers. His history of the war of 1805 occasioned his imprisonment in Prussia, at the request of the Russian and Austrian courts. He died in 1807, of a nervous fever, in the prison of Riga. He was a follower of Swedenborg.

BULWARK. (See Bastion.)

BUM-BOAT; a small boat used to sell vegetables, &c., to ships lying at a distance from shore.

BUNDELCUND; a district of Allahabad, lying between 24° and 26° N. lat. The country is mountainous and stony, and produces all kinds of fruit. It was ceded by the Mahrattas to the British in 1804, by whom it was annexed to the province of Benares. It is famous for the diamonds of Paunah. Square miles, 11,000. Chief towns, Banda, which is the residence of the officers of government; Callinger, &c.

BUNGALOW; an East Indian term for a house with a thatched roof.

BUNGO; a kingdom in Japan, and one of the most considerable in the island of Bungo, or Ximo. The capital is Fumay. The king of Bungo was baptized by the name of Francis Civan, and sent a solemn embassy to pope Gregory XIII, in the year 1582. Lon. 132° E.; lat. 32° 40′ N.

BUNK is a word used, in the U. States, to signify a case or cabin of boards for a bed. Thus, in the army, the soldier's birth is called his bunk.

BUNKER HILL. (See Charlestown.)

BUNT; the middle part or cavity of the principal square-sails, as the main-sail, fore-sail, &c. If one of them be supposed to be divided into four equal parts, from one side to the other, the two middle divisions, which comprehend half of the sail, form the limits of the bunt.

BUNTING; a thin woollen stuff, of which the colors and signals of a ship are usually formed.

BUNYAN, John, was the son of a tinker, and was born at the village of Elston, near Bedford, in 1628. He followed his father's employment, and, for some time, led a wandering, dissipated life. During the civil war, he served as a soldier in the army of the parliament; and the danger to which he was then exposed probably brought him to reflection, in consequence

of which his conduct became reformed, and his mind impressed with a deep sense of the truth and importance of religion. He joined a society of Anabaptists at Bedford, and at length undertook the office of a public teacher among them. Acting in defiance of the severe laws enacted against dissidents from the established church, soon after the restoration, B. incurred the sentence of transportation; which was not executed, as he was detained in prison more than twelve years, and at last liberated through the charitable interposition of doctor Barlow, bishop of Lincoln. To this confinement he owes his literary fame; for, in the solitude of his cell, his ardent imagination, brooding over the mysteries of Christianity, the miraculous narratives of the sacred Scripture, and the visions of Jewish prophets, gave birth to that admired religious allegory, the Pilgrim's Progress-a work which, like Robinson Crusoe, has remained unrivalled amidst a host of imitators. His Holy War made by Shaddai upon Diabolus, his other religious parables, and his devotional tracts, which are numerous, are now deservedly consigned to oblivion. There is a curious piece of auto-biography of B. extant, entitled, Grace abounding to the Chief of Sinners. On obtaining his liberty, B. resumed his functions as a minister at Bedford, and became extremely popular. He died during a visit to London, in 1688.

BUONAPARTE. (See Bonaparte.) BUONAROTTI, Michelagnolo. (See Angelo.)

BUOY; any floating body employed to point out the particular situation of any thing under water, as of a ship's anchor, a shoal, &c.-The can buoy is of a conical form, and painted with some conspicuous color; it is used for pointing out shoals, sand-banks, &c.-The cask buoy is in the form of a cask; the larger are employed for mooring, and are called mooring buoys; the smaller for cables, and are known as cable buoys. The buoy-rope fastens the buoy to the anchor, and should be about as long as the depth of the water where the anchor lies; it should also be strong enough to draw up the anchor in case the cable should break. -The life or safety buoy is intended to keep a person afloat till he can be taken from the water. It should be suspended from the stern of the ship, and let go as soon as any person falls overboard. A light may be attached to it, both to indicate its position to the individual in danger, and to direct the course of the boat

sent to relieve him, if the accident happens by night.

BURATS. (See Buriats.)

BURCHIELLO, Domenico; one of the most eccentric of poets. Of the circumstances of his life we know but little. He lived, at the beginning of the 15th centnry, at Florence, where he was probably born. He was the son of a barber named Giovanni, and was called, originally, only Domenico. He assumed the name of B. afterwards, for reasons that cannot be assigned. His faine began about 1425 He was first registered as a barber in 1432. Some writers have reproached him for shameful vices, and represented him as a low buffoon, who did every thing for money. Others have defended him. His shop was so famous, that learned and unlearned, high and low, assembled there every day, and Cosmo the Great caused it to be painted on one of the arches of his gallery. It appears here divided into two portions; in one, B. is acting the part of a barber; in the other, that of a inusician and poet. The portrait of B. himself is painted over his shop. It is extremely difficult to decide upon the absolute value of his satires, as the local and personal allusions in them are obscure. They were composed for his contemporaries, with a studied obscurity and extravagance of expression. His style is, nevertheless, pure and elegant. His burlesque sonnets are enigmas, of which we have no intelligible explanation, notwithstanding what Doni has done. The narrative and descriptive parts are very easy to be understood; but the wit they contain is, for the most part, so coarse, that the satire fails of producing its effect. They are, on the whole, lively, but licentious. The best editions of his sonnets are those of Florence, 1568, and of London, 1757.

BURCKHARD, John Louis, born in 1784, celebrated for his travels to Nubia, was descended from a respectable family in Bale. As he was unwilling to enter into the service of his country, at that time oppressed by France, after having completed his studies at Leipsic and Gottingen, he went to London, in 1806, where the African association wished to make a new attempt to explore Africa, from the north to the interior, in the way already trodden by Hornemann. They received B.'s proposal to undertake this journey in 1808. B. now studied the manners of the East, and the Arabian language, in their purest school, at Aleppo. He remained two years and a half in Syria,