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superior talents. He drove the French from Lower Saxony, Hesse and Westphalia, and was victorious in the two great battles of Crefeld and Minden. (See Seven Years' War.)-After the peace, he resigned his commission, on account of a misunderstanding between him and the king. From that time he lived at Brunswick, the patron of art and literature. He died in 1792.

BRUNSWICK, Frederic William, duke of; fourth and youngest son of duke Charles William Ferdinand of Brunswick. He was born in 1771, and received the same education with his second and third brothers, who were a few years older, till the military career, to which he was destined, gave his studies a particular direction. He was loved by his father with great tenderness, but very strictly treated. In 1786, he was appointed, by the king of Prussia, successor of his uncle, Frederic Augustus, duke of Oels and Bernstadt. He then went to Lausanne, remained two years in Switzerland, and, upon his return, was made captain in a Prussian regiment of foot. During the war against France, in 1792, and the following year, he fought in the Prussian armies, and was twice wounded. After the peace of Bâle, he received a regiment, and, in 1804, married the princess Maria Elisabeth Wilhelmina of Baden. The offspring of this marriage were two princesses, born in 1804 and 1806, who are still living. In 1805, his uncle died, and he became duke of Oels and Bernstadt. In 1806, he took part in the war against France, with all the fire which the oppression of Germany and his father's unhappy fate had kindled in him. He finally joined the corps of Blücher, and was made prisoner with him at Lübeck. By the death of his eldest brother, the hereditary prince, who died in September of the same year, without leaving any children, and by an agreement adjusted by his father between him and his elder brothers, who, on account of their blindness, were unfit to govern, and were unmarried, he would have succeeded his father in the government of Brunswick, had not the peace of Tilsit and Napoleon's will prevented. After that time, he lived at Bruchsal, where, in April, 1808, his wife died. In 1809, at the breaking out of the war between Austria and France, he raised a body of volunteers in Bohemia. Schill had already perished in Stralsund, when the duke made an invasion into Saxony. He was, however, compelled, by the king of Westphalia, to evacuate

Dresden and Leipsic, with his black hussars. The duke, in conjunction with the Austrian general Am Ende, forced his way from Dresden to Franconia, whither the Austrians, under Kienmayer, had penetrated from Bohemia. After the armistice of Znaim (July 12), the Austrians again evacuated Dresden, which they had occupied for the second time, and retreated behind the frontiers of Bohemia. But the duke, renouncing his alliance with the emperor of Austria, advanced with his corps, consisting of 1500 men, among whom were 700 horse, from Altenburg, towards Leipsic. After a slight skirmish with the garrison there, he continued his march to Halle, where he arrived July 27, and immediately pushed on to Halberstadt, where he arrived July 30. The Westphalian colonel Wellingerode, with the fifth regiment of infantry, had entered the place the same morning. Although this regiment made a gallant resistance, it was overpowered, and its commander taken prisoner. The duke then proceeded to Brunswick, his native city, where he arrived July 31, and biv ouacked on the ramparts. He did not allow himself any rest, for he was closely pursued on all sides. The Westphalian general Reubel assembled 4000 men of his division at Ohof, in the vicinity of Brunswick; general Gratien, with a Dutch division, had set out from Erfurt; and the Danish general Ewald, marching from Glückstadt into the territories of Hanover, crossed the Elbe in order to cover that river. Aug. 1, Reubel met the duke not far from Brunswick, near the village of Oelper, and an action ensued (the 11th since he had left Saxony), in which a corps of 4000 men not only retreated be fore 1500, but also opened to them the only way by which they could escape. Aug. 2, the duke left Brunswick. From the road he took, it was conjectured that he would march towards Celle, whither he was pursued, therefore, by the Westphalian troops. Instead, however, of do ing this, he took his way through Hanover immediately to Nienburg, crossed the Weser, and, having destroyed the bridges behind him, marched down the river. He reached Hoya Aug. 4, and hastene his march upon the left bank of the Weser, while part of his corps, to make a demonstration, turned towards Bremen Here the black hussars entered on the 5th, and occupied the gates, but on the next day continued their march. Meantime the duke advanced through the ter ritory of Oldenburg. He passed the night

of the 5th of August at Delmenhorst, and appeared to be directing his course to East Friesland, in order to embark there. But, contrary to expectation, he crossed, at Huntebrück, the small river Hunte, which falls into the Weser, seized the merchant ships which were lying at Elsfleth, principally unloaded, embarked his troops in the night of the 6th, leaving behind the horses, and procuring, in that country, which is inhabited by seamen, the necessary sailors by force. On the 7th, in the morning, the duke himself, having the English flag hoisted, set sail, and, on the 8th, landed at Heligoland, whence he sailed, on the 11th, with his corps, for England. In England, the duke was received with great distinction. His corps immediately entered the English service, and was afterwards employed in Portugal and Spain. The parliament granted him a pension of £6000, until he returned to his hereditary dominions, Dec. 22, 1813. He was a prince of an uncommonly open character. In his hereditary states, he acted with the best intentions; but his frequent errors disappointed the great expectations which had been formed of him, and narrow-minded counsellors contributed to lead him astray. He wished to sow and reap at the same time. His military spirit and penetrating mind led him to foresee new dangers from the great oppressor of Europe. His great preparations must be explained from this view of circumstances in 1814 and 1815. His finances were thrown into great disorder by his maintaining so many troops; and even the interest of the public debt was not paid. Thus he became unpopular as the sovereign of a country which had been prosperous under his father's sceptre. The events of 1815 called him again to arms, and he fell June 16, 1815. (See Quatrebras, and Ligny.)

BRUNSWICK, Louis Ernest, duke of; third son of Ferdinand Albert, duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg; born in 1718; entered the imperial service in 1750; became field-marshal of the republic of Holland; during seven years from 1759, was captain-general of the United Provinces; was regent during the minority of the stadtholder, and had previously preserved the neutrality of the republic during the long war of the neighboring powers from 1754. After the stadtholder became of age, B. was made counsellor by the states-general. Having, however, incurred the hatred of the people by his partiality for the nobility, and some other 26

VOL. II.

errors, he was obliged to leave the stadtholder in 1772. He died in 1788.

BRUNSWICK (M. J. Leopold), prince of, major-general in the Prussian service, youngest son of duke Charles of Brunswick, born at Wolfenbüttel in 1752, was instructed by the abbé Jerusalem. He studied in Strasburg military science and other branches of knowledge, travelled through Italy under the care of Lessing, and entered the Prussian service, in 1776, as commander of a regiment of foot, at Frankfort on the Oder. In this city, where he resided after his return from the Bavarian war of succession in 1779, he gained universal esteem by his amiable character, his talents, and his zeal for literature. In 1780, Frankfort was preserved, by his activity, from an inundation which threatened to overthrow the dikes and deluge the suburbs. He displayed the same vigilance on the occasion of several conflagrations, with which this city was afflicted. He visited the poor in their most miserable haunts, and his life was devoted to works of benevolence. He fell a sacrifice to his humanity in the inundation of 1785, in which he was drowned while hastening to the assistance of the suburbs. The monuments that have been erected to him will bear witness to future generations of the esteem of his contemporaries.

BRUSH-WHEELS. In light machinery, wheels sometimes turn each other by means of bristles or brushes fixed to their circumference. They may, also, communicate circular motion by friction only. The surface brought in contact is then formed of the end grain of wood, or is covered with an elastic substance, and the wheels are pressed together to increase the friction.

BRUSSELS, formerly the capital of the Austrian Netherlands, with 75,000 inhabitants, principally Catholics, and, after Amsterdam, the second city of the kingdom of the Netherlands, is a handsome city of South Brabant. During 20 years, from 1794 to 1814, it was in the possession of the French, and the chief town in the department of the Dyle. It is now, alternately with the Hague, the royal residence, and the place of meeting of the states-general of the kingdom. It is a favorite resort of the English, many of whom have resided here since the peace of 1814. The gloomy forest of Soignies, so memorable since the battle of Waterloo, lies on the south and south-west of the town. It was formerly surrounded by a wall, which has been demolished,

and the ramparts laid out in public walks. The upper part of the city is magnificent. The park is a spacious square, laid out with shaded walks, and surrounded by the palaces, public offices and principal private houses. In the lower part, lying on a plain watered by the Senne, the streets are narrow and crowded, but the great market-place is very beautiful. This part of the city is intersected by several canals, connected with the Senne, and the great Scheldt canal. The other principal squares are Oorlogo plaats, Michael's plaats and Sands plaats. The principal churches are St. Michael's and the church of St. Gudule. B. also contains an academy of arts and sciences, a foundling hospital, and a central school with a library of 100,000 volumes, a valuable gallery of paintings and a cabinet of natural history. The school of medicine and that of botany have also apartments, and there is a public botanic garden. The town is ornamented with 20 public fountains, all embellished with sculpture. The manufactures of B. are celebrated throughout Europe and America, particularly its lace, camlets and carpets; the first alone employs 10,000 individuals. Its carriages surpass even those of London and Paris. The other articles made here are ticking, various kinds of cotton and woollen stuffs, silk stockings, galloons, earthenware, &c. It carries on considerable trade with the interior of the Netherlands, and also with foreign countries, by means of its canals. The principal of these was constructed in 1560 and 1561, and leads to Antwerp: it is 110 feet above the level of the sea. The city owes its origin to St. Gery, who, in the 7th century, built a chapel on an island in the Senne, and preached to the peasAs the numbers collected here became great, it was surrounded with a wall in 1044, and became, in process of time, the residence of the dukes of Brabant, and of the Austrian governors. It was several times captured by the French, and, in 1789-90, took the lead in the troubles which broke out in the Netherlands.

ants.

BRUTUS, OF BRUTE, in the fabulous history of Britain, was the first king of the island, according to Geoffrey of Monmouth. He is said to have been the son of Sylvius, and grandson of Ascanius, the son of Æneas, and to have been born in Italy. He landed at Totness, in Devonshire, destroyed the giants who then inhabited Albion, and called the island from his own name. At his death, the island was divided among his three sons:

Locrine had England, Camber Wales, and Albanact Scotland.

BRUTUS, Lucius Junius, son of Marcus Junius and the daughter of the elder Tarquin, saved his life from the persecutions of Tarquin the Proud by feigning himself insane, on which account he received the surname Brutus (stupid). During a plague that broke out at Rome, he accompanied the son of Tarquin to the oracle in Delphi. When Lucretia, the wife of Collatinus, plunged a dagger into her bosom, that she might not outlive the insult which she had suffered from Sextus, the son of Tarquin, B., being present, threw off the mask. He drew the dagger, all bloody, from the wound, and swore vengeance against the Tarquins, explaining to the astonished spectators the reason of his pretended imbecility, and persuading all who were present to take the same oath. The people submitted to his guidance, and he caused the gates to be shut, the inhabitants to be assembled, and the body to be publicly exposed. He then urged the banishment of the Tarquins. After this had been resolved on, B. proposed to abolish the regal dignity, and introduce a free government. It was then determined that two consuls should exercise supreme power for a year, and Junius Brutus and Tarquinius Collatinus were chosen for the first term. Tarquin, who had seen the gates shut against him, and found himself deserted by his army, sent ambassadors to Rome to demand a restoration of his private property, and, at the same time, to promise that he would make no attempt against the republic. His request was granted. The ambassadors, however, set on foot a conspiracy, and drew into it many young men, among whom were the two sons of B. and the nephews of Collatinus. But a slave named Vindex discovered the plot. The criminals were imprisoned, and the consuls caused the people the next morning to be called to the comitia. All were deeply shocked to see the sons of B. among the prisoners, and their father on the judgment-seat to condemn them. Collatinus wept, and even the stern Valerius sat silent. But B. arose firmly, and, after their crime had been proved beyond a doubt, ordered the lictors to execute the law. Neither the entreaties of the people nor of his sons could alter his resolution. He witnessed the horrible spectacle without emotion, and did not leave the assembly until after the execution. He was called back, however, when Collatinus wished to save

his guilty nephews. The people condemned them all, and chose Valerius consul in place of Collatinus. In the mean time, Tarquin, supported by Porsenna, collected an army, and marched against Rome. The consuls advanced to meet him. B. led the cavalry; Aruns, son of Tarquin, commanded the body opposed to him. They pierced each other with their spears at the same moment, and both fell, A. C. 509. The Romans came off conquerors, and B. was buried with great splendor. The women lamented him a whole year, as the avenger of the honor of their sex.

BRUTUS, Marcus Junius. This republican resembled in spirit, as well as in name, the expeller of Tarquin. He was at first an enemy of Pompey, who had slain his father in Galatia, but forgot his private enmity, and was reconciled to him, when he undertook the defence of freedom. He did not, however, assume any public station, and, after the unfortunate battle of Pharsalia, surrendered himself to Cæsar, who received him with the tenderest friendship, as he had always loved him, and regarded him almost like his own son, because the mother of Brutus, sister of the rigid Cato, had been the object of his affection. In the distribution of the offices of state, the dictator appointed B. to the government of Macedonia. Notwithstanding these benefits, B. was the head of the conspiracy against Caesar, deeming the sacrifice of private friendship necessary for the welfare of his country. He was led into the conspiracy by Cassius, who, impelled by hatred against Cæsar, as well as by the love of freedom, sought, at first, by writing, and then by means of his wife, Junia, sister of B., to gain his favor; and, when he thought him prepared for the proposal, disclosed to him, verbally, the plan of a conspiracy against Caesar, who was then aiming at the supreme power. B. agreed to the design, and his influence led many of the most distinguished Romans to embrace it also. Cæsar was assassinated in the senate-house. In public speeches, B. explained the reasons of this deed, but he could not appease the dissatisfaction of the people, and retired, with his party, to the capitol. He soon after took courage, when the consul P. Cornelius Dolabella, and the prætor L. Cornelius Cinna, Casar's brother-in-law, declared themselves in his favor. But Antony, whom B. had generously spared, was reconciled to him only in appearance, and obtained his leave 10 read Cæsar's will to the people. By

means of this instrument, Antony succeeded in exciting the popular indignation against the murderers of Cæsar, and they were compelled to flee from Rome. B. went to Athens, and endeavored to form a party there among the Roman nobility; he gained over, also, the troops in Macedonia. He then began to levy soldiers openly, which was the easier for him, as the remainder of Pompey's troops, since the defeat of their general, had been roving about in Thessaly. Hortensius, the governor of Macedonia, aided him; and thus B., master of all Greece and Macedonia, in a short time stood at the head of a powerful army. He went now to Asia, and joined Cassius, whose efforts had been equally successful. In Rome, on the contrary, the triumvirs prevailed. All the conspirators had been condemned, and the people had taken up arms against them. B. and Cassius, having with difficulty subdued the Lycians and Rhodians, returned to Europe to oppose the triumviri. (Plutarch informs us, that a spirit appeared to B., on his march from Sardis to Abydos, in Asia Minor.) The army passed over the Hellespont, and 19 legions and 20,000 cavalry were assembled on the plains of Philippi, in Macedonia, whither, also, the triumvirs Antony and Octavianus marched with their legions. Although the Roman historians do not agree in their accounts of the battle of Philippi, so much as this appears certain, that Cassius was beaten by Antony, and caused himself to be killed by a slave; that B. fought with greater success against the division of the army commanded by Octavianus, who was hindered by indisposition from conducting the battle in person; that B., after the engagement, took possession of an advantageous situation, where it was difficult for an attack to be made upon him; that he was induced, by the ardor of his soldiers, to renew the contest, and was a second time unsuccessful. He was totally defeated, escaped with only a few friends, passed the night in a cave, and, as he saw his cause irretrievably ruined, ordered Strato, one of his confidants, to kill him. Strato refused, a long time, to perform the command; but, seeing B. resolved, he turned away his face, and held his sword, while B. fell upon it. Thus died B. (A. C. 42), in the 43d year of his age.

BRUYÈRE, John de la, the famous author of the Characters and Manners of his age, was born, 1639, in a village near Dourdan, not far from Paris. He purchased the place of treasurer at Caen ;

but, a short time after, through the influence of Bossuet, he was employed in the education of the duke of Burgundy, with a pension of 3000 livres, and was attached to his person during the remainder of his life. In 1687, he translated the Characters of Theophrastus into French, with much elegance, and accompanied them with a succession of characters, in which he represented the manners of his time with great accuracy, and in a style epigrammatical, ingenious and witty. B. often took his characters from living persons, although he denied it, and seems, by this means, to have gained many enemies. He was a man of pleasant manners and amiable disposition. In 1693, he was elected a member of the French academy, with some opposition, and died in 1696.

BRUYN, Corneille le, a painter and traveller, born at the Hague in 1652, went, in 1674, to Rome, where he studied his art for two years and a half. He then followed his inclination for travelling, visited Naples, and other cities of Italy, embarked for Smyrna, travelled through Asia Minor, Egypt, and the islands of the Archipelago, noting down and drawing all that he found worthy of his attention. He afterwards settled in Venice, and became a disciple of Carlo Lotti. In 1693, he returned to his native country, and published his travels in 1698. The favorable reception of this work excited in him the desire to travel anew. He visited, in 1701, and the following years, Russia, Persia, India, Ceylon and other Asiatic islands. In Russia, he painted Peter the Great, and different princes of his family; in 1706, in Batavia, some of the principal men. In 1708, he returned to his country, where he published an account of his second journey, the value of which, like that of the first, consists more in the beauty and correctness of the drawings than in the trustworthiness of the statements. During the rest of his life, Le B. was occupied exclusively with his art, passed his time alternately at the Hague and at Amsterdam, and died at Utrecht, in the house of his friend and protector van Mollem.

BRYANT, Jacob, a philologist and antiquary, born at Plymouth in 1715, died, in 1804, at his country-seat, near Windsor. He studied at Eton and Cambridge, became afterwards tutor of the sons of the famous duke of Marlborough, the eldest of whom he also accompanied to the continent as his secretary. After his return, he received, by the influence of his pa

tron, a lucrative post in the ordnance, which gave him leisure for his researches into Biblical, Roman and Grecian antiquities. His most important work is the New System of Ancient Mythology, which appeared in 3 vols. 4to., 1773 to 1776. Whatever may be the ingenuity and the learning of the author, it is justly objected, that he has taken conjectures for proofs, and, in particular, that he has trusted too much to the deceptive conclusions of etymology. He was engaged in a famous dispute on the veracity of Homer and the existence of Troy, in which he endeavored to show, that there never was such a city as Troy, and that the whole expedition of the Greeks was a mere fiction of Homer's. The object of one of his earlier treatises, which appeared in 1767, is to show, that the island Melita, on which Paul was wrecked, was not Malta, but situated in the Adriatic. He endeavored to illustrate the Scriptures by explanations drawn from Josephus, from Philo the Jew, and from Justin Martyr; but in this, as in all his writings, his learning and his ingenuity are misled by his love of controversy and paradox.

BUBNA, Count of, descended from an old family in Bohemia, was, early in life, the chamberlain of the emperor of Austria, afterwards entered the military service, and rose to the rank of field-marshal-lieutenant. At the end of 1812, he was sent, by his court, with extraordinary commissions, to Napoleon, at Paris, and, in May, 1813, was sent again to him at Dresden. In the war of 1813, he commanded an Austrian division with much honor, and, in 1814, received the chief command of the Austrian army which was to pass through Geneva to the south of France. Here he showed as much caution in his movements as forbearance and humanity towards the inhabitants. He advanced upon Lyons, which was defended by marshal Augereau, but was unsuccessful in his attacks upon the city, till the corps of Bianchi and Hessen-Homberg came to his assistance, upon which the prince of Hessen-Homberg took the chief command. B. remained at Lyons till the return of the allied forces, and then retired to Vienna. After the landing of Napoleon in 1815, he again led a corps, under Frimont, against Lyons, and in Savoy opposed marshal Suchet, till Paris was conquered, and the marshal retreated beyond Lyons. He then took possession of Lyons without opposition, established a court-martial to punish the disturbers of public order, and proceeded

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