• program/workload emphasis -A function exists in all three Secretariats, but it is staffed more heavily in one compared to another, because of greater workload or a decision by a Service Secretary to emphasize oversight of that function at the Secretariat level.

The following table shows the disparities between Service Secretariat staffing of functions grouped in the four categories listed above. In parenthesis behind each entry is the number of personnel assigned to that function above the lowest level assigned to either of the other two Secretariats.

The following observations can be drawn from this table:

• while each Service has one unique function, they do not have a noticeable impact on the size of the Secretariat because of the relatively similar number of personnel assigned to them;

• the placement of the Judge Advocate General and the Comptroller in the Navy Secretariat is a major cause of its larger staff size;

• the expanded functions for Administrative Services and General Counsel in the Navy Secretariat also are major causes of its larger staff size; and

。 while the Navy Secretariat has more personnel assigned to Manpower and Reserve Affairs and Research and Development, these are more modest differences than in other functions.

The Report on the Size of the Service Secretariats in the Department of Defense justifies several of these increased staff levels for the Navy Secretariat in light of the dual-Service (Navy and Marine Corps) structure of the Department of the Navy:

o the Office of the Judge Advocate General is located in the Navy Secretariat because, by law, it must provide support to two military Services, the Navy and Marine Corps. (page 12) 。 the Comptroller's Office is located in the Navy Secretariat because it must oversee and integrate budget activities for two Services. In addition, a large portion of the Comptroller's organization, the Office of Budgets and Reports, is required, by law, to be located in the Navy Secretariat. (page 12)

o the Manpower and Reserve Affairs staff in the Navy Secretariat must be concerned with two separate personnel systems, each with its own particular occupational specialties, promotion and assignment practices, rank structure, manpower utilization priorities, and training needs. (pages 3 and 4)

• certain other functions demand higher staffing levels due to the increased number of staff actions required to oversee, coordinate, and integrate the activities of two separate Services and to interface with two separate Service headquarters staffs. (page 3)

There are increased staff levels for two functions that do not fit into the category of being caused by the dual-Service nature of the Department of the Navy: Administrative Services and General Counsel. These are justified in the Report on the Size of the Service Secretariats in the Department of Defense as follows:

• The Navy Secretariat provides for most of its administrative support on an in-house basis and, in addition, supports other Navy organizations, such as the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations, in such areas as civilian personnel, mail, and correspondence control. (page 13)

• In addition to supporting its secretariat, the Navy General Counsel provides department-wide legal advice and services and, also, has a large centralized litigation staff which handles all major law suits involving the Navy. (page 12)

2. Service Military Headquarters Staffs

a. Organization

The headquarters staffs of the four Services are organized under the Chief of Staff of the Army, the Chief of Naval Operations, the Chief of Staff of the Air Force, and the Commandant of the Marine Corps. These positions are each mandated by statute (sections 3034, 5081, 8034, and 5201 respectively of title 10, United States Code), and the incumbents are appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. While each of these officers performs his duties under the direction of his Service Secretary, the statutes clearly provide for such direction only for the Army

and Air Force Chiefs of Staff. In statute, the Chief of Naval Operations is given a special status not provided to the other Service Chiefs:

The Chief of Naval Operations is the principal naval adviser to the President and to the Secretary of the Navy on the conduct of war... (section 5081, title 10, United States Code)

The headquarters staffs that support the four Service Chiefs are addressed differently in the statutes. For the Army and Air Force, these staffs are identified in statute as the Army Staff and the Air Staff (Chapters 305 and 805, respectively, of title 10, United States Code). The composition of these two staffs and a limitation on the number of military officers that may be assigned to them in peacetime are prescribed in the statutes. In the case of the Army Staff, the limit is 3,000 officers. For the Air Staff, no more than 2,800 officers may be so assigned.

The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps are not prescribed in statute. In addition, there are no limitations on the number of officers who may be assigned in peacetime to these headquarters staffs.

Each Service Chief has a Vice Chief, entitled Vice Chief of Staff in the Army and Air Force, Vice Chief of Naval Operations in the Navy, and Assistant Commandant in the Marine Corps. Of these four officers, only the Vice Chief of Naval Operations is required by law to be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate.

The statutes also differ in prescribing the positions of less senior military officials in these four headquarters staffs:

Army-the Army Staff may have four Deputy Chiefs of Staff and five Assistant Chiefs of Staff;

Navy-the Chief of Naval Operations may have six Deputy Chiefs of Naval Operations, and there is no limit on the number of Assistant Chiefs of Naval Operations;

Marine Corps-there is no limit on the number of Deputy Chiefs of Staff serving the Commandant; and

Air Force-the Air Staff may have five Deputy Chiefs of Staff, and there is no limit on the number of Assistant Chiefs of Staff.

The senior leadership positions in each of the four military headquarters staffs are compared in Table 6-5. The organization of these staffs is graphically depicted in Charts 6-7 through 6-10.

The statutes also vary widely in terms of military officials who must be appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. These differences are shown in Table 6-6.