網頁圖片
PDF
ePub 版

Cummins, Senator. To Increase the Efficiency of the Military Estabishment of the United States. Remarks in the Senate. v. 53, March 31, 1916: 5219-20.

Hitchcock, Senator. To Increase the Efficiency of the Military Establishment of the United States. Remarks in the Senate, v. 53, April 18, 1916: 6353.

Wadsworth, Senator. To Increase the Efficiency of the Military Establishment of the United States. Remarks in the Senate, v. 53, March 31, 1916: 5230.

To Increase the Efficiency of the Military Establishment of the United States. [Debate in the Senate] v. 53, April 3, 1916: 534851.

National Defense Act of 1920

Hearings

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Military Affairs. Army Reorganization. Hearings, 66th Congress, 1st session. September 3, 1919-November 12, 1919. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1919. 2249 p.

Floor Debates in the Congressional Record

Army Reorganization [Debate in the House] v. 59, March 8, 1920: 4026-40; March 9, 1920: 4071-72; March 10, 1920: 4155-56; March 11, 1920: 4180-93; March 16, 1920: 4404-05.

Army Reorganization-Conference Report. [Debate in the Senate] v. 59, May 20, 1920: 7330-33.

Army Reorganization-Conference Report. [Debate in the Senate] v. 59, May 28, 1920: 7833

National Security Act of 1947

Hearings

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. National Security Act of 1947. Hearings, 80th Congress, 1st session. April 2-July 1, 1947. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947. 746 p.

U.S. Congress. Senate National Defense Establishment (Unification of the Armed Services). Hearings, 80th Congress, 1st session. Parts 1, 2, and 3. April 8-May 9, 1947. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947. 713 p.

Reports

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Expenditures in the Executive Departments. National Security Act of 1947; report to accompany H.R. 4214. July 16, 1947. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947. (80th Congress, 1st session. House. Report No. 961)

15 p. U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. National Security Act of 1947; report to accompany S. 758. June 5, 1947. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947. (80th Congress, 1st session. Senate. Report No. 239) 16 p.

U.S. Congress. Conference Committees. National Security Act of 1947; conference report to accompany S. 758. July 24, 1947.

Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1947. (80th Congress, 1st session. House. Report No. 1051).

Floor Debates in the Congressional Record

Unification of the Armed Services [Debate in the House] v. 93, July 19, 1947: 9299-400, 9428-29, 9454-55, 9432-37.

Hoffman, Clare. Unification of the Armed Services. Remarks in the House, v. 93, July 25, 1947: 10197.

Robertson, Pat. Unification of the Armed Services. Remarks in the Senate, v. 93, July 7, 1947: 8309, 8316–21; July 9, 1947: 8490–95. National Security Act Amendments of 1949

Hearings

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Full Committee Hearings on S. 1843, to Convert the National Military Establishment into an Executive Department of the Government, to be known as the Department of Defense, to provide the Secretary of Defense with Approximate Responsibility and Authority, and with Civilian and Military Assistants Adequate to Fulfill his Enlarged Responsibility. Hearings, 81st Congress, 1st session. H.A.S.C. No. 95. June 28-July 12, 1949. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949. 274 p.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. National Security Act Amendments of 1949. Hearings, 81st Congress, 1st session. March 24-May 6, 1949. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949. 299 p.

Reports

U.S. Congress. House. National Security Act Amendments of 1949; report to accompany H.R. 5632. July 14, 1949. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949 (81st Congress, 1st session. House. Report No. 1064).

U.S. Congress. Senate. National Security Act Amendments of 1949; report to accompany S. 1832. May 12, 1949. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949 (81st Congress, 1st session. Senate. Report No. 366).

U.S. Congress. Conference Committees. National Security Act Amendments of 1949; conference report to accompany H.R. 5632. July 29, 1949. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1949. (81st Congress, 1st session. House. Report No. 1142).

Floor Debates in the Congressional Record

Ford, Representative. National Security Act Amendments of 1949.
Remarks in the House, v. 95, August 2, 1949: 10609-10.
Hoffman, Clare. National Security Act Amendments of 1949. Re-
marks in the House, v. 95, August 2, 1949: 10604-05.

Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958

Hearings

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Reorganization of the Department of Defense. Hearings, 85th Congress,

2nd session. April 22-May 21, 1958. H.A.S.C. No. 83. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958. 887 p.

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. Hearings, 85th Congress, 2nd session. June 17-July 9, 1958. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1958. 444 p.

Reports

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958; report to accompany H.R. 12541. May 22, 1958 (85th Congress, 2nd session. House. Report No. 1765).

U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958; report to accompany H.R. 12541. July 17, 1958 (85th Congress, 2nd session. Senate. Report No. 1845).

U.S. Congress. Conference Committees. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958; conference report to accompany H.R. 12541. July 23, 1958 (85th Congress, 2nd session. House. Report No. 2261).

Floor Debates in the Congressional Record

Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 [debate in the House] v. 104, June 12, 1958: 11020-21.

Osmer, Representative. Department of Defense Reorganization Act. Remarks in the House, v. 104, June 12, 1958: 11029.

Rogers, Representative. Department of Defense Reorganization Act. Remarks in the House, v. 104, June 12, 1958: 11044.

Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 [debate in the Senate] v. 104, July 18, 1958: 14249-50.

Thurmond, Strom. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. Remarks in the Senate, v. 104, July 18, 1958: 14267. Saltonstall, Leverett. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. Remarks in the Senate, v. 104, July 18, 1958: 14254. Goldwater, Barry. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. Remarks in the Senate, v. 104, July 18, 1958: 14266. Symington, Stuart. Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1958. Remarks in the Senate, v. 104, July 18, 1958: 14256–60.

Recent Legislative Developments, 1982-1985

Hearings

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Reorganization Proposals for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Hearings, 97th Congress, 2nd session. April 21-August 5, 1982. H.A.S.C. 97-47. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1982. 1002 p.

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Reorganization Proposals for the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Hearings, 98th Congress, 1st session. June 14-29, 1983. H.A.S.C. 98-8. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1983. 137 p.

Reports

U.S. Congress. House. Committee on Armed Services. Joint Chiefs of Staff Reorganization Act of 1982; report to accompany H.R.

6954. August 12, 1982. Washington, U.S. Govt. Print. Off., 1982 (98th Congress, 1st session. House. Report No. 97-744) 14 p.

Floor Debates in the Congressional Record

Skelton, Ike. Reorganization of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. In Extensions of Remarks [daily ed.], June 13, 1985: E2768-70.

CHAPTER 5

UNIFIED AND SPECIFIED COMMANDS

A. INTRODUCTION

This chapter deals with the unified and specified commands which were established to control operations whenever military forces are employed. Commanders of the unified and specified commands report through the Joint Chiefs of Staff to the Secretary of Defense. These commands and their Service components represent one of the two distinct organizational levels of the Department of Defense: the operational level. The other is the policymaking level, comprised basically of Washington Headquarters organizations.

Unified and specified commands are, by definition, those with a broad and continuing mission. Unified commands have forces assigned from two or more Services; specified commands consist of forces from a single Service. Today, there are six unified commands and three specified commands in existence:

Unified Commands:

U.S. Atlantic Command (Norfolk, Virginia)

U.S. Central Command (MacDill Air Force Base, Florida)

U.S. European Command (Stuttgart, Germany)

U.S. Pacific Command (Camp H.M. Smith, Hawaii)

U.S. Readiness Command (MacDill Air Force Base, Florida)

U.S. Southern Command (Quarry Heights, Panama)

Specified Commands:

Aerospace Defense Command (Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado)
Military Airlift Command (Scott Air Force Base, Illinois)
Strategic Air Command (Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska)

In addition, on November 20, 1984, President Reagan approved the establishment of a seventh unified command: the U.S. Space Command. This new command is to be formally established on September 23, 1985.

The purpose of this chapter is to examine the unified and specified command system as it has evolved since World War II and to see, in the context of the overall DoD organization, if this system best serves U.S. national security interests. For simplicity, throughout the remainder of this chapter the unified and specified commands will be referred to as "operational commands". Likewise, the unified and specified commanders will be referred to as "operational commanders." In certain quotes, however, the operational commanders will be referred to as "CINC's", an abbreviation for Commanders in Chief.

B.EVOLUTION OF THE OPERATIONAL COMMANDS

1. Prior to World War II

« 上一頁繼續 »