Elements of Political EconomyMacmillan, 1903 - 538 頁 |
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常見字詞
A. L. Bowley Adam Smith advantages agricultural amount applied banking bequest Book causes Chap CHAPTER classes coins commodities competition considered consumer consumption contract cost custom depends difficulty diminishing return distribution disutility division of labour economic rent effect elements employment England exchange expenditure exports extent fall foreign trade freedom freedom of contract gift inter vivos gold greater idea illustrated importance income increase individual industrial influence interest involved kind labour and capital land limited marginal marginal utility Marshall means ment methods Mill modern monopoly moral natural necessary nomic obtained owners particular Political Economy population present Principles productive power profits quantity quasi-rent rate of wages real wages regards relative revenue rise sense silver social socialists society supposed taxation term theory things tion tive trade unions United Kingdom utility various wages fund wealth whilst whole
熱門章節
第 434 頁 - The subjects of every state ought to contribute toward the support of the government, as nearly as possible, in proportion to their respective abilities; that is, in proportion to the revenue which they respectively enjoy under the protection of the state.
第 448 頁 - The tax which each individual is bound to pay ought to be certain and not arbitrary. The time of payment, the manner of payment, the quantity to be paid, ought all to be clear and plain to the contributor and to every other person.
第 415 頁 - ... the duty of erecting and maintaining certain public works and certain public institutions which it can never be for the interest of any individual, or small number of individuals, to erect and maintain; because the profit could never repay the expense to any individual or small number of individuals, though it may frequently do much more than repay it to a great society.
第 448 頁 - Every tax ought to be levied at the time, or in the manner, in which it is most likely to be convenient for the contributor to pay it.
第 443 頁 - Both ground-rents and the ordinary rent of land are a species of revenue which the owner, in many cases, enjoys without any care or attention of his own. Though a part of this revenue should be taken from him in order to defray the expenses of the state, no discouragement will thereby be given to any sort of industry.
第 449 頁 - Every tax ought to be so contrived as both to take out and to keep out of the pockets of the people as Little as possible, over and above what it brings into the public treasury of the state.
第 435 頁 - ... unequal, in so far as it does not affect the other two. In the following examination of different taxes I shall seldom take much further notice of this sort of inequality, but shall, in most cases, confine my observations to that inequality which is occasioned by a particular tax falling unequally even upon that particular sort of private revenue which is affected by it II.
第 452 頁 - A direct tax is one which is demanded from the very persons who, it is intended or desired, should pay it. Indirect taxes are those which are demanded from one person in the expectation and intention that he shall indemnify himself at the expense of another ; such as the excise or customs.
第 63 頁 - Give a man the secure possession of a bleak rock, and he will turn it into a garden ; give him • Arthur Young's Travelt in France, ml. ip 88. } Ibid. p. 51. a nine years lease of a garden, and he will convert it into a desert.
第 174 頁 - The profits of stock, it may perhaps be thought, are only a different name for the wages of a particular sort of labour, the labour of inspection and direction. They are, however, altogether different, are regulated by quite different principles, and bear no proportion to the quantity, the hardship, or the ingenuity of this supposed labour of inspection and direction.