rose up and expressed himself in this manner: "If he be "really dead to-day, he will likewise be so to-morrow, and "the next day, so that we will have time enough to delib "erate in a calm manner, and with greater security."

Leosthenes, who was the first that published this account at Athens was continually haranguing the people with excessive arrogance and vanity. Phocion, who was tired with his speeches, said to him, "young man, your discourse resembles the cypress, which is tall and spreading, but bears no "fruit." He gave great offence by opposing the inclinations of the people in so strenuous a manner, and Hyperides, rising up, asked him this question "When would you advise the "Athenians to make war?" "As soon," replied Phocion, "as I see the young men firmly resolved to observe a strict "discipline; the rich disposed to contribute according to "their abilities, to the expence of a war; and when the ora❝tors no longer rob the public."

All the remonstrances of Phocion were ineffectual; a war was resolved upon, and a deputation agreed to be sent to all the states of Greece, to engage their accession to the league, This is the war in which all the Greeks, except the Thebans united to maintain the liberty of their country, under the conduct of Leosthenes, against Antipater and it was called the Lamian war, from the name of the city where the latter was defeated in the first battle.

*Demosthenes, who was then an exile at Megara, but who amidst his fortunes always retained an ardent zeal for the interest of his country, and the defence of the common liberty, joined himself with the Athenian ambassadors sent into Peloponnesus, and having seconded their remonstrances in a wonderful manner by the force of his eloquence, he engaged Sicoyne, Argos, Corinth, and the other cities of Peloponnesus, to accede to the league.

The Athenians were struck with admiration at a zeal so noble and generous, and immediately passed a decree to recal him from banishment. A galley with three ranks of oars was dispatched to him at Ægina, and, when he entered the port of Piræus, all the magistrates and priests advanced out of the city, and all the citizens crowded to meet that illustrious exile, and received him with the utmost demonstrations of affection and joy, blended at the same time with an air of sorrow and repentance for the injury they had done him. Demosthenes was sensibly affected with the extraordinary honours that were rendered him; and whilst he returned, as it were in triumph to his country, amidst the acclamations of the people, he lifted up his hands towards heaven, to thank

Plut. in Demoft. p. 185. Juftin, 1, xviii, e 5.

the gods for so illustrious a protection, and congratulated himself on beholding a day more glorious to him, than that had proved to Alcibiades, on which he returned from his exile : for his citizens received him from the pure effect of desire and will; whereas the reception of Alcibiades was involuntary, and his entrance a compulsion upon their inclinations. *The generality of those who were far advanced in years were extremely apprehensive of the event of a war which had been undertaken with too much precipitation, and without examining into the consequences, with all the attention and sedateness that an enterprise of so much importance required. They were sensible also, that there was no necessity for declaring themselves so openly against the Macedonians, whose veteran troops were very formidable; and the example of Thebes, which was destroyed by the same temerity of conduct, added to their consternation. But the orators, who derived their advantages from the distraction of the public affairs, and to whom, according to the observation of Philip, war was peace, and peace war, would not allow the people time, to deliberate maturely on the affairs proposed to their consideration, but drew them into their sentiments by a fallacious eloquence, which presented them with nothing but scenes of future conquests and triumphs. Demosthenes and Phocion, who wanted neither zeal nor prudence, were of different sentiments on this occasion, which was no extraordinary circumstance with respect to them. It is not my province to determine which of them had reason on his side but in such a perplexing conjuncture as this, there is nothing surprising in a contrariety of opinions, though the result of good intentions on both sides. Phocion's scheme was, perhaps, the most prudent, and that of Demosthenes the most glorious.

However that were, a considerable army was raised, and a very numerous fleet fitted out. All the citizens who were under the age of forty, and capable of bearing arms, were drawn out. Three of the ten tribes that composed the republic, were left for the defence of Attica, the rest marched out with the allies, under the command of Leosthenes.

Antipater was far from being indolent during these transactions in Greece, of which he had been apprised, and he had sent to Leonatus in Phrygia, and to Craterus in Cilicia, to solicit their assistance; but before the arrival of the expected succours, he marched at the head of only 13,000 Macedonians and 600 horse; the frequent recruits which he had sent Alexander, having left him no more troops in all the country.

*Diod. I. xviii. p. 507–599.

It is surprising that Antipater should attempt to give bat tle to the united forces of all Greece with such a handful of men; but he undoubtedly imagined, that the Greeks were no longer actuated by their ancient zeal and ardour for liberty, and that they ceased to consider it as such an inestimable advantage as ought to inspire them with a resolution to venture their lives and fortunes for its preservation. He flattered himself that they had begun to familiarize themselves with subjection; and indeed this was the disposition of the Greeks at that time; in whom appeared no longer the descendants of those who had so gallantly sustained all the efforts of the east, and fought a million of men for the preservation of their freedom.

Antipater advanced towards Thessaly, and was followed by his fleet, which cruised along the sea coast. It consisted of 110 triremes, or galleys of three benches of oars, The Thessalians declared at first in his favour; but having afterwards changed their sentiments, they joined the Athenians, and supplied them with a great body of horse.

As the army of the Athenians and their allies was much more numerous than that of the Macedonians, Antipater could not support the charge, and was defeated in the first battle. As he durst not hazard a second, and was in no condition to make a safe retreat into Macedonia, he shut himself up in Lamia, a small city in Thessaly, in order to wait for the succours that were to be transmitted to him from Asia, and he fortified himself in that place, which, was soon besieged by the Athenians.

The assault was carried on with great bravery against the town, and the resistance was equally vigorous. Leosthenes, after several attempts, despairing to carry it by force, chang ed the siege into a blockade, in order to conquer the place by famine. He surrounded it with a wall of circumvallation, and a very deep ditch, and by these means cut off all supplies of provisions. The city soon became sensible of the growing scarcity, and the besieged began to be seriously disposed to surrender, when Leosthenes, in a sally they made upon him, received a considerable wound, which rendered it necessary for him to be carried to his tent: upon which the command of the army was consigned to Antiphilus, who was equally esteemed by the troops for his valour and ability.

*Leonatus, in the mean time, was marching to the assistance of the Macedonians besieged in Lamia, and was com missioned, as well as Antigonus, by agreement made between the generals, to establish Eumenes in Cappadocia, by force of arms; but they took other measures, in consePlut, in Eumen. p. 584.

*A. M. 3686. Ant. J. C. 322.

1

quence of some particular views. Leonatus, who reposed an entire confidence in Eumenes, declared to him at parting, that the engagement to assist Antipater was a mere pretext, and that his real intention was to advance into Greece, in order to make himself master of Macedonia. He at the same time showed him letters from Cleopatra, the sister of Alexander, who invited him to come to Pella, and promised to espouse him. Leonatus being arrived within a little distance of Lamia, marched directly to the enemy, with 20,000 foot and 2,500 horse. Prosperity had introduced disorders in the Grecian army; several parties of soldiers drew off, and retired into their own country on various pretexts, which greatly diminished the number of the troops, who were now reduced to 22,000 foot. The cavalry amounted to 3,500, 2000 of whom weré Thessalians; and as they constituted the main strength of the army, so all hopes of suc cess were founded in them; and accordingly, when the battle was fought, this body of horse had the greatest share of the victory that was obtained. They were commanded by Menon, Leonatus, covered with wounds, lost his life in the field of battle, and was conveyed into the camp by his troops. The Macedonian phalanx greatly dreaded the shock of the cav, alry, and had therefore retreated to eminences inaccessible to the pursuit of the Thessalians. The Greeks having carried off their dead, erected a trophy, and retired.

*The whole conversation at Athens turned upon the glo rious exploits of Leosthenes, who survived his honours but a short time. An universal joy spread through the city, festivals were celebrated, and sacrifices offered without intermission, to testify their gratitude to the gods for all the advantages they had obtained. The enemies of Phocion think. ing to mortify him in the most sensible manner, and reduce him to an incapacity of justifying his constant opposition to that war, asked him if he would not have rejoiced to have performed so many glorious actions? "Undoubtedly I would,” replied Phocion ; but I would not, at the same, have neglected to offer the advice I gavet." He did not think that a judgment ought to be formed of any particular counsel from mere success, but rather from the nature and solidity of the counsel itself; and he did not retract his sentiments, because those of an opposite nature had been successful, which only proved the latter more fortunate, but not more judicious. And as these agreeable advices came thick upon

*Plut, in Phoc. p. 752.

Non damnavit quod recte viderat, quia, quod alius male consule rat, bene yesserat; felicius hoc existimans, illud etiam sapientius, Val, Max. 1, iii, c, &,

each other, Phocion, who was apprehensive of the sequel, cried out, "when shall we cease to conquer them?"

Antipater was obliged to surrender by capitulation, but history has not transmitted to us the conditions of the treaty. The event only makes it evident, that Leosthenes compelled him to surrender at discretion, and he himself died a few days after, of the wounds he had received at the siege. Antipater having quitted Lamia the day after the battle (for he seems to have been favourably treated,) joined the remains of the army of Leonatus, and took upon him the command of those troops. He was extremely cautious of haz arding a second battle, and kept with his troops, like a judicious and experienced general, on eminences inaccessible to the enemy's cavalry. Antiphilus, the general of the Greeks, remained with his troops in Thessaly, and contented himself with observing the motions of Antipater.

Clitus, who commanded the Macedonian fleet, obtained, much about the same time, two victories, near the islands of Echinades, over Eetion the admiral of the Athenian navy.

*Craterus, who had been long expected, arrived at last in Thessaly, and halted at the river Peneus. He resigned the command to Antipater, and was contented to serve under him. The troops he had brought thither amounted, in conjunction with those of Leonatus, to above 40,000 foot, 3000 archers or slingers, and 5000 horse. The army of the allies was much inferior to these troops in number, and consisted of no more than 25,000 foot, and 3,500 horse. Military discipline had been much neglected among them, after the victories they had obtained. A considerable battle was fought near Cranon, in which the Greeks were defeated; they however lost but few troops, and even that disadvantage was occasioned by the licentious conduct of the soldiers, and the small authority of the chiefs, who were incapable of enforcing obedience to their commands.

Antiphilus and Menon, the two generals of the Grecian army, assembled a council the next day, to deliberate, whether they should wait the return of those troops who had retired into their own country, or propose terms of accommodation to the enemy. The council declared in favour of the latter; upon which deputies were immediately dispatched to the enemy's camp, in the name of all the allies. Antipater replied, that he would enter into a separate treaty with each of the cities, persuading himself that he should facilitate the accomplishment of his designs by this proceeding; and he was not deceived in his opinion. His answer broke off the negociation; and the moment he presented himself he

*Diod, I. xviii, p. 599, 60%.