Year. Public Debt. Expenditures. Exports.

Imports.

1841 $6,737,498 $31,787,530 $121,851,803 $127,946,177 1842 15,028,486 32,936,876 104,691,531

100,152,087

1843 27,203,450 12,118,105 84,346,480 64,753,799 1844 24,748,188 33,642,010 111,200,046

108,435,035

XI. OUTLINE OF CONCURRENT EVENTS. England: Attack on Canton abandoned and ransom of $6,000,000 was paid by the Chinese, May 30, 1841; Protestant Bishopric of Jerusalem (including Syria, Chaldæa, Egypt and Abysinia) was formed under the protectorate of Great Britian and Prussia and Rev. S. M. Alexander consecrated first Bishop, Nov. 7, 1841; Treaty of Nankin with China, Aug. 29, 1842; Free Church Established in Scotland, May 18, 1843; Independence of the Sandwich Islands guaranteed by England and France in treaty of London, Nov. 28, 1843; commercial panic 1843; Purchase of Danish India possessions, Feb. 22, 1845.

Scandenavia: (Denmark and Sweden, independent Sovereignties, with Norway foot ball between themNorway declared her independence May 17, 1814 and elected Christian Frederick King, but was forcibly annexed to Sweden, guaranteed a free constitutional government, and elected the King of Sweden Viceroy with power of veto; Titles of Nobility abolished and vetoed 1815, passed and vetoed again in 1818, and became law by third passage in 1821.) Death of Charles John XIV., King of Sweden, and accession of Oscar (son), March 8, 1844.

1845. James Buchnanan, Pennsylvania.

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY.

1845. Robert J. Walker, Mississippi.

SECRETARY OF WAR.

1845. William L. Marcy, New York.

SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.

1845. George Bancroft, Massachusetts. 1846. John Y. Mason, Virginia.

POSTMASTER GENERAL.

1845. Cave Johnson, Tennessee.

ATTORNEYS GENERAL.

1845. John Y. Mason, Virginia. 1846. Nathan Clifford, Maine. 1848. Isaac Toucey, Connecticut.

II. SENATOR ELECTED PRESIDENT PRO

TEMPORE OF THE SENATE.

1846. David R. Atchinson, Missouri.

III. SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.

XXIX. Congress, John W. Davis, Indiana.

XXX.

66

Robert C. Winthrop, Massachu

setts.

Armisted Burt, South Carolina.

IV. THE FIFTEENTH ELECTION.

Popular vote: For President, James K. Polk, 1,337,243; Henry Clay, 1,299,062; James G. Birney, 62,300.

Electoral vote: For President, Polk, 170; Clay, 105. For Vice President, George M. Dallas, 170; Theodore Frelinghuysen, New Jersey, 105. Total, 275. Twenty-six States voted.

V. HISTORICAL RECORD.

1845.

March 4. The President in his inaugural address committed himself to the policy of Tyler with reference to Texas, when he said, "It is confidently believed that our system of annexation may be safely extended to the utmost bounds of our territorial limits; and that, as it shall be extended, the bonds of our Union, so far from being weakened, will become stronger."

June 4. Mexico declared war against the United States. The direct cause was the annexation of Texas, while in a state of revolt. It was an effort to lengthen the Southern lever and increase the slave power.

Mr. Benton subsequently, in a speech before the Senate and in the hearing of Calhoun, charged him with being the author of the war. The Whigs opposed the Mexican war, as long as there was any hope of averting it, on the ground that the declaration of war by the President contained a false statement of the origin of the difficulties. In the documents of the President it was repeatedly asserted that Mexico had begun the war by invading our territory and shedding the blood of our citizens on our own soil.

July 4. The Legislature of Texas accepted the conditions of annexation.

December 27. Texas, the twenty-eighth State, admitted to the Union.

1846.

January 13. Gen. Taylor was ordered to advance to the Rio Grande. Texas having been annexed, it became a duty to defend her from foreign aggressions.

February 3. Brigham Young was elected "Seer" on the assassination of Jos. Smith. Being persecuted by their neighbors, the Mormons set out from Nauvoo for Utah on an Exodus of a thousand miles.

April 26. A band of Mexicans crossed the Rio Grande, surprised a small body of dragoons, and either killed or captured the entire number. This was the beginning of bloodshed,

May 11. Mexico considered the occupation of Texas by a United States army, an invasion of Mexican territory. The United States regarded Texas as a part of the Union to be protected and defended. Accordingly, when it was announced at Washington,

that blood had been shed upon American soil, the most intense excitement was produced. Congress immediately declared war and voted to raise an army of 80,000 volunteers and appropriated $10,000,000 for its equipment. It was confidently believed, that the war would be over in 90 or 120 days. An intrigue was secretly begun the same day with Santa Anna, who was then an exile in Havanna, for the purchase of peace and the annexation of Texas. In furtherance of this plan, he was permitted to return to Mexico through our lines, and it was understood he should receive $2,000,000 with which to secure this result. But strange to relate, Santa Anna was no sooner safely within the Mexican Capitol, and holding once more the reins of power firmly in his grasp, than he became the fiercest spirit for war, the ablest leader in conducting it, and almost the sole obstacle to its speedy termination.

The plan of operations for the conduct of the war at the outset, consisted in occupying the disputed territory, but at the close of the year this was abandoned, and a more active policy substituted. It was then determined to send Gen. Scott with nine regiments for the capture of Mexico itself. This new、

plan proved very effective. The "Army of Occupation," commanded by Gen. Taylor, continued its operations along the Rio Grande, and completely protected the annexed territory; the "Army of the West," led by Gen. Kearney, pushed its way unobstructed into New Mexico and California; while the "Army of the Centre," under Gen. Scott marched triumphantly from Vera Cruz to Chapultepec. Thus