PREFACE The history of Pan-Americanism falls roughly into three periods. The first, embracing the years of revolution and of the formation of new states, extends to about 1830; the second covers the succeeding three or four decades to the close of the Civil War; and the third extends from the Civil War to the present time. Of these periods the first is characterized by a strong tendency toward continental solidarity, the second by the opposite tendency toward particularism and distrust, and the third by the revival of the earlier tendency toward fraternal coöperation. The present study is devoted to the early period, the period of beginnings. It was undertaken and carried to completion as an academic task at Columbia University, under the direction and counsel of Professor John Bassett Moore, to whom the writer acknowledges a deep debt of gratitude. He is also under great obligations to Dr. Angel César Rivas, who, during the course of the preparation of the book and while it was in proof, made helpful suggestions and invaluable criticisms; to Miss S. Elizabeth Davis, who read the proof; and to Señor D. Manuel Segundo Sánchez for various favors received. Finally, he takes this method of expressing his thanks to the Hispanic Society of America for the use of its valuable collection of old newspapers, and to the New York Public Library, whose great assemblage of books and pamphlets relating to Spanish and Portuguese America, constituted the main body of his source material. George Peabody College, Nashville, Tennessee. April, 1920. J. B. L. PAN-AMERICANISM: ITS BEGINNINGS CHAPTER I MEANING OF PAN-AMERICANISM It is obviously desirable to know what Pan-Americanism means, before an attempt is made to discover its beginnings. The term itself is new. It is one of an increasing number of similar compounds which have come to be widely used since the middle of the last century. Modern tongues are indebted to the ancient Greek for the prefix and for models of its use with national names. Pan-Hellenes, for example, signified the united Greeks; Pan-Ionian was used to describe whatever pertained to all the Ionians; and the Panathenaea was the national festival of Athens, held to celebrate the union of Attica under Theseus. Of the modern combinations Pan-Slavism and PanSlavist were the first to gain currency. The movement for the union of all the Slavonic peoples in one political organization originated in the second quarter of the nineteenth century, and somewhat later began to be described as Panslavism. Jowett used Panslavismus in 1846; 1 and in 1850 Longfellow, in making an entry in his journal, defined the term as "the union of all the Slavonic tribes under one head, and that head Russia.” 2 About 1860 the movement for the political union of all the Greeks began to be called Pan-Hellenism. Then followed Pan-Germanism, Pan-Islamism, Pan-Celticism, and so on, with an ever increasing number of movements designated by similar compounds. 1 Life and Letters, I, 156. 1 2 S. W. Longfellow, Life of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, II, 176. 1 |