The International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, vol. I, part 1, 1920.

This is the first number of a new international publication devoted to psychoanalysis. Directed by Professor Freud and edited provisionally by Dr Ernest Jones, it is an official organ of the International Psycho-Analytical Association, ranking equally with the Internationale Zeitschrift für Psycho-Analyse. Its promoters have felt that the need for such a journal published in English has become urgent owing to the interest in psycho-analysis now taken by many readers who are unfamiliar with the German language. It will deal with the subject of psycho-analysis and kindred studies, but will not attempt to cover the whole field of psychopathology. On the other hand, it will go beyond the clinical sphere and will include the applications of psycho-analysis to literature, education, mythology, philology, sociology, anthropology, and so on.

The first number opens with an appreciative obituary notice, by Dr Ernest Jones, of the late Dr James Jackson Putnam, the well known American neurologist, whose acceptance of the doctrines of psycho-analysis had considerable influence in directing the attention of American and English students to the serious study of the subject.

Professor Freud contributes an article on "One of the difficulties of PsychoAnalysis." He traces very briefly the history of his Libido Theory of the neuroses and points out that although in the course of individual human development the original narcissistic distribution of the Libido gives place to object-love, yet not all of the Libido passes over from the Ego to the objects of the outer world. In all men there is a certain amount of narcissism or self-love. He then goes on to show how man's self-love has been three times badly wounded by the results of scientific research.

The first occasion was when, with the acceptance of the Copernican theory, it had to be recognised that man's dwelling place, the earth, was not, as he had fondly supposed, the centre of the universe.

The second was when, with acceptance of the doctrine of evolution it became plain that the gulf between the brute and the human was not so great or so fundamental as man had thought. The demonstration of his kinship with the animal world was the second blow to his self-love.

The third blow was inflicted by the psycho-analysts when they declared to be mistaken man's feeling that he is master of his own soul, that consciousness gives the Ego news of all important occurrences in the working of the mind, and that his will, guided by these reports, can keep his instinctive impulses under due control. Study of the neuroses by psycho-analysis showed, on the contrary, that much of importance, which is not reported to consciousness, goes on in the mind, and that the life of the sexual impulses cannot be wholly restrained.

The demonstration of the unconsciousness of mental life and of the psychical significance of sexuality was the third blow to human narcissism. "No wonder, therefore, that the Ego does not favour Psycho-Analysis, and obstinately refuses to believe in it."

Mr J. C. Flügel contributes an interesting study "On the Character and Married Life of Henry VIII," in which he applies psycho-analytic findings to historical material. He considers that the “behaviour of individuals long since dead can be satisfactorily accounted for on psycho-analytic theories (and perhaps in no other way)," and that this affords "very valuable corroboration of the utility and validity of the psycho-analytic method."

The first of a series of elementary didactic articles on psycho-analysis is contributed by Dr Douglas Bryan under the title, "Freud's Psychology." It gives a clear and simple account of Freud's views on the nature and functions of the Conscious, the Pre-conscious, and the Unconscious.

A very full review of the "Recent Psycho-Analytical Literature in English" is given by Dr Stanford Read. No less than 346 original contributions and 30 translations are tabulated.

The Journal also contains the Reports of the International Psycho-Analytical Association and the history of the British Psycho-Analytical Society with a list of members and associate-members.

The Journal of Neurology and Psychopathology, Vol. 1, No. 1. May, 1920. This is another first number of a new English journal. As indicated in its title, Neurology would seem to be its main interest; but the contents of the first number are fairly evenly divided between the two departments. The chief contribution on the psychological side is "A Note on Suggestion," by W. McDougall. In this paper Dr MacDougall defends his well known definition of suggestion against some criticisms made by Dr Bernard Hart in a paper read before the Royal Society of Medicine, and in turn criticises Hart's contention that all the processes ascribed to suggestion are in reality examples of 'complex-thinking.' He also takes exception to Hart's use of the term 'complex' to denote any group of ideas with strong affect, whether dissociated or not, and urges that the term should be reserved for sentiments of a pathological character,—thus adhering to Jung's usage when he introduced the word into psychopathology.

McDougall agrees with Hart that, if our knowledge is to be advanced, we require to know what is the particular emotional factor involved in suggestion, and he submits that this requirement is fulfilled in the view put forward by him in his Social Psychology, namely, that the conative force at work in the person accepting a 'suggestion' is commonly the instinct of submission. He brings forward a new consideration in support of this view. This is based on the observation that some physicians find only hysterical persons to be hypnotizable, and these only so long as they are neurotic; when they are cured they can no longer be hypnotized and are insuggestible. McDougall thinks that those who have this experience which is unknown to many hypnotists-must adopt what he calls, without meaning to be offensive, the domineering attitude. This tends to rouse the self-assertive instinct of a normal person, thus nullifying the effects of the instinct of submission or preventing it from coming into play.

McDougall's only concession to his critics is to amend his original definition, so that it now reads, "Suggestion is a process of communication resulting in the acceptance with conviction of the communicated proposition independently of the subject's appreciation of any logically adequate grounds for its acceptance." The substitution of the words in italics for the original phrase, “in the absence of," adds greatly to the accuracy of the definition.

The Psychoanalytic Review, July 1920, Vol. VII, No. 3.

The July number of this well known American publication contains an article by Dr W. H. R. Rivers on "Freud's Concept of the Censorship." Rivers finds it difficult to accept a concept which involves the working within the unconscious of an agency so wholly in the pattern of the conscious as he considers to be the case with Freud's censorship. Instead of finding a sociological parallel to this unconscious activity he thinks we ought to look for one in the physiological sphere. If we assume an organisation of unconscious experience similar to the organisation of the nervous system in different levels, we should have a number of levels in which experience belonging to adult life would occupy a position higher than that taken by the experience of youth, and this again would stand above the experience of childhood and infancy. Each level would preserve in its mode of action the characteristics of the mentality in which it had its origin. The higher levels would control the lower levels and prevent the manifestation of their lower modes of expression. On this view the distortion of dreams is not the result of censorship, but is merely the natural mode of expression at the infantile level becoming manifest when the control of the higher levels is removed in sleep. This interpretation involves the denial of the function of the dream as the guardian of sleep. It may have such a function, but, if so, it is a secondary aspect of the process.

Rivers thinks the concept of a censorship as accounting for the 'distortion' in the symptoms of hysteria is even less appropriate than in the case of the dream. The production of hysterical symptoms by suggestion is an indication of the primi

tive character of the reaction, for susceptibility to suggestion is to be connected with the gregariousness of man in the early stages of the development of human culture. Hysteria is the coming into activity of an early form of reaction to a dangerous or difficult situation. "The protection against the danger or difficulty so provided is the direct consequence of the early form of reaction, and the concept of a censorship making it necessary that manifestations shall take this form is artificial and unnecessary."

Rivers applies the same principle to the explanation of lapses of control in the more purely neurological sphere, such as false strokes in work or play, and spasmodic movements having a more or less purposeful character ('tics'). He concludes his paper by drawing attention to the existence, in both civilized and savage culture, of some parallels to the process which he proposes to substitute for Freud's censorship. Dr Edward W. Lazell contributes a paper on "Psychology of War and Schizophrenia," in which he combats the opinion arrived at by those who think that the experience of the war has shown the Freudian doctrine of the psycho-sexual genesis of the neuroses and psychoses to be erroneous. He admits the part played by the instincts of self-preservation and the fear of death, but he adduces the great mass of evidence resulting from the study of schizophrenia to show that the fear of death is an "elaboration of the sexual instinct." He summarises Freud's views on the psychic mechanisms of primitive man with reference to death, killing, sacrifice, remorse, and the development of taboo, and points out how they may be applied to the interpretation of the delusions of schizophrenia. He says it is remarkable that in the delusions of war schizophrenics" there is an almost complete absence of colouring matter applying to the war. In fact they show the same delusional content and symptoms as those schizophrenics who have not been in the war at all. In other words, the conflict is a strictly personal one, the sexual nature of which is clearly apparent in the stories of the patients themselves."

Dr Mary K. Isham discusses "The Paraphrenic's Inaccessibility," and there is a translation of an article by Honorio F. Delgado on "Psychological Psychiatry.” This latter is expository and shows Delgado to be a follower of the post-psychoanalytic School of Jung and Silberer.

Abstracts from psycho-analytic journals and of books on psycho-analysis have been a special feature of The Psychoanalytic Review from its inception, and the July number contains abstracts of Imago, III. No. 4, of several books, and of some articles from psychological and medical journals.

T. W. M.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEDICAL SECTION OF THE

BRITISH PSYCHOLOGICAL SOCIETY

The following is a list of the meetings of the Medical Section since its formation:

May 15, 1919.

June 11, 1919.

October 29, 1919.

November 26, 1919.

Psychology and Medicine, by W. H. R. RIVERS.

The Generation and control of Emotion, by A. E. CARVER.
Suggestion and Suggestibility, by E. PRIDEAUX.

The Psychology of Child Education, by MARIA MONTESSORI. (Joint Meeting with the Educational Section.)

December 17, 1919. Some Physical Signs of Unconscious Wishes, by W. H. B.

January 21, 1920.

February 18, 1920.

April 28, 1920.
May 12, 1920.

June 23, 1920.

STODDART.

Recent Advances in Psycho-Analysis, by ERNEST JONES.
The Revival of Emotional Memories, and its therapeutic value,
by WILLIAM BROWN, C. S. MYERS and W. MCDOUGALL.
Psychological Adaptation, by CONSTANCE LONG.
Left-handedness and Mental Deficiency, by HUGH GORDON.
(Joint Meeting with the Educational Section.)

An Outline of the Idea of Re-birth in Dreams, by MAURICE
NICOLL.

CONTENTS

(All Rights reserved.)

JANET, PIERRE. La Tension Psychologique, ses Degrés, ses Oscillations
BROWN, WILLIAM. The Revival of Emotional Memories and its
Therapeutic Value. (I)

MYERS, CHARLES S. The Revival of Emotional Memories and its
Therapeutic Value. (II)
MCDOUGALL, W. The Revival of Emotional Memories and its Thera-
peutic Value. (III)
BROWN, WILLIAM. The Revival of Emotional Memories and its
Therapeutic Value. (IV)

LONG, CONSTANCE. Psychological Adaptation

JONES, ERNEST. Recent Advances in Psycho-Analysis

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PROCEEDINGS OF THE MEDICAL SECTION OF THE BRITISH PSYCHO-
LOGICAL SOCIETY

96

The British Journal of Psychology is issued by the British Psychological Society and will henceforth be published in two Sections, a General Section and a Medical Section. Each Section will appear in parts quarterly, the size and price of each part varying with the amount of material available.

The subscription price, per volume of about 350 pages, Royal 8vo, for either Section, payable in advance, is 258. net per volume (post-free). Subscriptions may be sent to any Bookseller, or to the Cambridge University Press, Fetter Lane, London, E. C. 4.

Members of the British Psychological Society receive the General Section of the Journal gratis. Members of the Medical Section of the Society receive also the Medical Section of the Journal gratis. Information concerning Membership may be obtained from the Secretary of the Medical Section, Dr E. N. Snowden, 21 New Cavendish Street, London, W, 1.

Papers for publication in the Medical Section should be sent to Dr T. W. MITCHELL, Hadlow, Kent. Those for publication in the General Section should be sent to Dr C. S. MYERS, Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.

Contributors receive twenty-five copies of their papers free. Additional copies may be had at cost price; these should be ordered when the final proof is returned. Quotations for binding cases and for binding subscribers' sets can be obtained from the publishers.

The Cambridge University Press has appointed the University of Chicago Press agents for the sale of both Sections of The British Journal of Psychology in the United States of America, and has authorised them to charge the following subscription price :-$5.00 net per volume.

CAMBRIDGE: PRINTED BY J. B. PEACE, M.A., AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.