towns. Differing from the majority he resigned before the close of the session and used all his efforts to defeat the first constitution. Mr. Strong was a member of the state assembly of 1849, where he was again concerned with the revision of laws. In 1850 Mr. Strong married the second time, and thereafter devoted himself to private practice. A strong antislavery man, Mr. Strong in early life voted with the Democrats; later he became a Free Soiler, and vigorously upheld the government during the Civil War. He was a patron of education and interested in all that promoted the higher life of the community. From its inception in 1849 he was a member of the State Historical Society. He was likewise an incorporator of Racine College and one of its trustees until his death. He passed away March 9, 1864 at his home in Racine. Manuscript record.

MOSES MCCURE STRONG, son of Judge Moses Strong of Rutland, Vermont, was born at that place May 20, 1810. Young Strong was educated at Castleton grammar school where he spent the years 1822-25; then he matriculated at Middlebury College, Vermont, and remained until 1828. That year he entered the senior class at Dartmouth, graduating in 1829. The next year he began the study of law and passed 1830 and 1831 at the Litchfield, Connecticut, law school. At the close of the course he was admitted to the Connecticut courts, and in September, 1831 to those of Vermont. In 1832 he married Caroline Frances Green of Windsor, Vermont, and began practice in his native state. In 1836 Mr. Strong first visited the West at the instigation of Senator Hubbard of New Hampshire, who employed him to invest land scrip in the new Wisconsin Territory. Mr. Strong decided to settle at Mineral Point, but did not remove his family there until two years later. In January, 1837 he passed the site of Madison on his way from Milwaukee. In February of the same year he came with John Catlin and others to meander the lakes. In 1837 he surveyed fourteen townships in Iowa. The next year he was appointed United States district attorney for Wisconsin, an office he held for three years. In 1841 he was elected to the territorial council and remained a member until 1846, serving twice as president thereof. The first constitution probably owed more to Mr. Strong's influence than to that of any other man. He was chairman of the committee on suffrage and the elective franchise, member of that on the legislature, and discussed on the floor of the convention almost every controverted question. In 1850 Mr. Strong represented Iowa County in the state assembly and was elected speaker of the session. In 1857 he was member for Milwaukee, where he lived from 1855 to 1858 while president of the La Crosse and Milwaukee Railway. Mr. Strong was an able politician and well known in Democratic councils, both state and national. In 1847 he was candidate for territorial delegate on the Democratic ticket, but was defeated by the Whig candidate. He was a member of the State Historical Society from its inception and vice president thereof from 1877 to 1893. He wrote "Indian Wars of Wisconsin" published in Collections, viii, 243–86. His History of Wisconsin Territory is a useful compilation. Mr. Strong's later years were passed in retirement at his home in Mineral Point, where he died July 20, 1894. Manuscript record.

PATRICK TOLAND was born in County Tyrone, Ireland, in 1801. He came to America about the year 1830 and resided several years in Pennsylvania. About the year 1840 he removed to Wisconsin and lived at first in Mequon, Ozaukee County. In 1844 he bought a large tract of level land that was thereafter known as Toland's Prairie in the southwestern portion of Washington County. A considerable number of Irish settlers located in this vicinity and named the township Erin. This was the district Mr. Toland represented as a Democrat in the convention wherein he served on the finance committee. He was a member of the state legislature of 1849. Soon thereafter he was engaged as commissioner and contractor for the Fox-Wisconsin Improvement Company. He died in the spring of 1858. History of Washington and Ozaukee Counties (Chicago, 1881), 732.

JOSIAH TOPPING was the son of English immigrants, who settled in 1796 in Montgomery County, New York. There he was born February 16, 1798. The younger Topping grew up at his birthplace, receiving a common school education. In 1820 he married and soon thereafter removed to the neighborhood of Sharon, Schoharie County, New York. In 1840 he settled in the southwestern portion of Walworth County, later called at his request Sharon Township. His brother Thomas settled near him, and the locality became known as Topping's Corners; there the first town meeting was held. Mr. Topping lived to be the oldest settler in his locality and died at his home August 27, 1885. In the convention he voted with the Democrats and served on the militia committee. Manuscript record.

PETER HELMER TURNER was born at German Flats (now Ilion), Herkimer County, New York, April 11, 1813. His father, a Baptist minister, gave his son such assistance as he was able in gaining an education. Young Turner was, however, but twelve years of age when he left district school to enter a store in Oswego where he served as clerk until his twentieth year. The following year he was deputy clerk of court, and continued merchandising at Ellisburg, Jefferson County, combining business with milling. It was not until 1840 that he came to Wisconsin and bought land in Genesee, Waukesha County. Two years later he removed to Palmyra, Jefferson County, from which place he was elected as a Democrat to the convention. His consent had not been asked before his nomination, and he was chosen against his desires; his health made attendance brief, and although he was appointed on the committee on schedule he was able to render but little service. In 1848 Mr. Turner was elected to the first state legislature, and in 1850 to the state senate, where he introduced a law simplifying local government that was productive of much good. In 1859 Mr. Turner removed to Madison, where in 1860 he was elected alderman; he was also for a time president of the common council. His efforts were directed to improving the city's finances, and to making its bonds worth their par value. Once more in 1871 Mr. Turner became a pioneer, removing to the Vermillion Valley of Dakota Territory, where a county received his name. The latter years of his life were passed at Sioux City, Iowa, where June 4, 1885 he passed away. Manuscript Record.

JOHN HUBBARD TWEEDY was born November 9, 1814 at Danbury, Connecticut. He received a classical education and graduated at Yale College in 1834. He studied law and was admitted to the bar at New Haven. Having determined to make his home in the new West, in October, 1836 Mr. Tweedy settled at Milwaukee, which thereafter became his permanent home, and where he died November 12, 1891. Mr. Tweedy represented the Wisconsin New England element at its best, and his services were much sought by both the new town and the territory. He was appointed receiver of the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal Company in 1839; in 1841-42 he was a member of the territorial council. He was the only Whig member of the constitutional convention from Milwaukee County wherein he was a member of the committee on the legislative provisions. In 1847 he was elected the last territorial delegate to Congress over his Democratic opponent, Moses M. Strong. He was thus the instrument through whom all business passed between the federal and territorial governments antecedent to Wisconsin's admission to statehood. In 1848 he was nominated on the Whig ticket for first state governor, but was defeated by Nelson Dewey. Mr. Tweedy was appointed postmaster at Milwaukee for a few months in 1850 and 1851; in 1852 he was elected to the state assembly. Thereafter he declined public office and devoted himself to private business and philanthropy. He was the Wisconsin member of the Kansas Aid Society and aided in financing the campaign of 1855 that elected a Free-soil United States senator from Wisconsin. During the Civil War Mr. Tweedy performed many patriotic services. His later years were passed in retirement but he was always ready to respond to the needs of his city and state. His character was universally respected, and his contribution to Wisconsin's growth was substantial. Wisconsin Magazine of History, ii, 115-16 (September, 1918).

DON ALONZO JOSHUA UPHAM of Milwaukee was chosen president of the convention because of his scholarly abilities and his personal popularity. He was at the time of his election thirty-five years of age, and had lived in Milwaukee and practiced in the territorial courts for nine years. Mr. Upham was of New England stock, his ancestors having settled in Massachusetts in 1680. His father had, however, removed to Vermont, where the subject of this sketch was born May 31, 1809 at Weathersfield, Windsor County. He was educated at Chester Academy, Vermont, and studied in Meriden, New Hampshire, from 1825 to 1827. At the age of sixteen he chose the legal profession as his life work, and in 1827 entered Union College as a sophomore, graduating in 1830 with the highest honors of the class. That autumn he entered the law office of Hon. James Tallmadge of New York City, and after a winter under his instruction Mr. Upham was chosen to a professorship in mathematics at the Delaware State College, continuing meanwhile his law study under Hon. James A. Bayard. In 1834 young Upham was admitted to the bar, and settled in Wilmington, where in 1835 he was chosen prosecuting attorney. He was also concerned with journalism, writing editorials for the Gazette of that city and becoming in 1836 part owner of a newspaper. The same year he married a Wilmington lady, and the following summer determined to seek his fortune in the West. He had thought of settling in Chicago, but after traveling about the new settlements decided to

make his home in Milwaukee. Mr. Upham had much adaptability, and soon made himself at home in frontier conditions. He had a keen sense of humor, democratic manners and convictions, and industry and resource in his profession. In 1840 he was elected to the territorial council, serving until February, 1842. The next year he was prosecuting attorney for Milwaukee. During the campaign of 1847 for the adoption of the first constitution Mr. Upham spoke frequently and forcibly in favor of the instrument. In 1849 and 1850 he was mayor of Milwaukee, and in 1851 the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for governor. During Buchanan's administration Mr. Upham was United States attorney and conducted the famous Booth trials. Because of failing health he retired from active practice in 1864. In his later years his avocation was the science of astronomy. He died at his old homestead on Broadway, Milwaukee, July 19, 1877. Manuscript record.

JAMES R. VINEYARD was one of the few Southerners in the convention. A native of Kentucky, where he was born in 1804, Mr. Vineyard early came to the lead mines of southwestern Wisconsin where he was a well-known miner and smelter. He became a resident of Platteville as early as the spring of 1828, and was very popular with his fellow miners. He had two brothers who were, like himself, prominent mining pioneers; one brother, Miles Vineyard, was for a time Indian agent for the Chippewa. James Vineyard was elected to the territorial council of 1838 and continued a member until February, 1842, when he had an altercation with Charles C. P. Arndt of Green Bay, as the result of which Arndt was shot and killed by Vineyard. The difficulty arose over one of Governor Doty's nominations and was an incident in the quarrel between the legislature and the governor. The case was cited by Charles Dickens in his American Notes as an example of the lawless violence of American legislators. Vineyard attempted to resign from the legislative council, but was not permitted to do so, and was expelled therefrom by a vote of eleven to one. He was tried for manslaughter and acquitted by the jury as having acted in self-defense. He himself expressed deep remorse over the ill consequences of his hasty deed of passion. His neighbors continued to place confidence in him, as his election to the constitutional convention proves. He was imbued with Whig tendencies, but in the convention he had but a minor share. In 1849 Mr. Vineyard represented Grant County in the state legislature. In 1850 he migrated to California and was there also a member of the state assembly. He died in that state in 1863. Moses M. Strong, Territorial History of Wisconsin (Madison, 1885), 380-85.

GARRET VLIET was one of the pioneer surveyors of the territory of Wisconsin who afterwards made it his permanent home. He was born in Sussex County, New Jersey, January 10, 1790. He received a good practical education, the larger share of his boyhood being passed near Wilkesbarre, then a pioneer region of Pennsylvania. He came West in 1818 and first proposed to make his home at St. Louis. Better opportunities for surveying presenting themselves in the Miami region, he settled at Cincinnati, surveyed for the Miami Canal Company, and at one time was keeper of the locks. In 1834 he was surveyor for Hamilton County when Byron Kilbourn and Increase A. Lapham interested him in a project for surveying in Wiscon

sin. In December of that year he took a contract to survey the township where Milwaukee now stands. This contract he fulfilled in February, 1835, and returned to Cincinnati. Again, in May or June of the same year Mr. Vliet came through to Milwaukee and Green Bay on horseback in company with Byron Kilbourn, who purchased at the Green Bay land office the west side of the site of Milwaukee and engaged Mr. Vliet to lay out a village on his land. In December, 1835, as United States deputy surveyor, Mr. Vliet once more came to Wisconsin Territory with four assistants, one of whom was George P. Delaplaine, and laid out many townships of public land. This survey was completed in July, 1836. In October of the same year Mr. Vliet was surveying in Iowa. August 23, 1837 he left Cincinnati with all his family and goods and opened a farm north of Kilbourntown, between the present Ninth and Sixteenth streets in Milwaukee. There the Vliets lived

for many years while the city grew up around them. The present Lapham Park was a portion of the Vliet estate. Mr. Vliet was always ready to serve his adopted state, although he preferred private to public life. He was elected to the constitutional convention as a Democrat, but was not a member of any standing committee. He died at his Milwaukee home August 5, 1877. Manuscript record.

SALMOUS WAKELEY was one of the older members of the convention, having been born March 17, 1794 at New Milford, Litchfield County, Connecticut. His ancestors were Welsh, but had for several generations lived in New England. Mr. Wakeley grew up in his native state, receiving the plain education that a farmer boy obtains in a district school. He learned the shoemaker's trade and at one time was a shoe manufacturer. Although having but little formal education, Mr. Wakeley was a very well-read man and a thinker on questions of public import. In 1818 he married and soon thereafter removed to Homer, Cortland County, New York. Later he spent a year or more in Erie County, of the same state, migrating thence about 1825 to Elyria, Ohio. There he held several local offices and was much respected in the community. In 1843 he removed to Wisconsin and settled at the thriving village of Whitewater, which thenceford became his home. There he was elected on the Democratic ticket to the constitutional convention and served on the committee on the bill of rights. Mr. Wakeley's two sons both became lawyers, the elder becoming a judge at Omaha, Nebraska. The younger son, Charles, was graduated in 1854 with the first class at the state University. Both sons lived for many years in Madison, and their father was in that city as the representative of Whitewater in the assembly in the years 1855 and 1857. He was also chairman of the board of supervisors for Whitewater, and member of the county board. He died January 12, 1867 at the home of his elder son at Madison. Manuscript record.

JOSHUA WHITE was a temporary resident of Wisconsin, most of his life being passed in the northern portion of Illinois. He was born February 15, 1814 in Loudoun County, Virginia, and well educated for that time. In 1838 he removed to Illinois and bought land in Ogle County where the village of Stillman Valley now stands. In addition to his farming Mr. White ex