(2) I learnt to swim; for it is a healthy amusement.

(3)

To bow and sue for grace

With suppliant knee, and deify his power,

Who from the terrors of this arm so late

Doubted his empire,-that were low indeed. Milton.

(4) It will be proved to thy face [that thou hast men about thee that usually talk of a noun and a verb].

Shakspere.

163. Pronouns are divided into Personal, Demonstrative, Relative, Interrogative, Possessive, and Indefinite.

Personals.

164. Personal pronouns are words used to denote the person who speaks and the person addressed: I am thy father's spirit.-Shakspere.

King did I call thee? No, thou art not king.-Id. These two are the only true personal pronouns. To mark the person or thing of which we are speaking, a form of the demonstrative is used. (See § 174.)

165. The person who speaks is usually called the First person; the person addressed, the Second.

They have no distinctions of gender, because, as the persons are in actual communication, such distinctions are unnecessary.

166. The inflection, i. e. the mode of forming the cases and numbers, of the personal pronouns is irregular. The cases and numbers are sometimes erroneously considered to be derived from various roots.

168. I (A.-S. ic, O. E. ich, ic, ik) has lost the final guttural, and perhaps an initial m (mic).

me, acc. (A.-S. mech, mec, meh, me) has lost the final guttural.

mi-ne (A.-S. mi-n). In modern English the suffix is
rejected when the noun upon which the genitive
depends is expressed, and retained when the noun
is omitted, i. e. when it forms the predicate of a
proposition.

Ye powers of truth, that bid my soul aspire,
Far from my bosom drive the low desire.-Goldsmith.
Creation's heir, the world, the world is mine.-Id.

me, dat. (A.-S. me). 'me-thinks,' i. e. it appears to
me. 'Woe is me,' i. e. to me (vae mihi). 'Give
me the dagger,' i. e. to me.

169. we has probably lost a final r or s (German wir-). us, acc. (A.-S. us): the initial w is absorbed. our (A.-S. ur-e, O. E. our-e) has probably lost the suffix -en. The r represents the s in 'us.' When the noun upon which it depends is omitted, the old genitive suffix -e is replaced by the modern form -8.

Our spoil is won, our task is done.-Shelley.

'Tis we, 'tis our-s are changed.-Id.

us, dat. (A.-S. us). 'us-thoughte' (Chaucer), i. e. it appeared to us.

170. Inflection of the Second Personal Pronoun.

171. thou (A.-S. thu), dat. and acc. thee (A.-S. the). In

most of the Indo-European languages the second personal pronoun is identical with the numeral

two.

thi-ne (A.-S. thi-n). See remarks on mi-ne, § 168.
ye (A.-S. ge). y frequently takes the place of an
earlier g.

you, acc. and dat. (A.-S. eow). This word is now used
as a nominative, accusative, and dative.

you-r (A.-S. eow-er). e is lost, and, unlike mine and

thine, the suffix r is retained when the noun is expressed. When the noun is omitted, in modern English a second genitive suffix s is added, from a false analogy with 'our-s.'

Demonstratives.

172. Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out the position of the object to which they refer :

Can this cockpit hold

The vasty fields of France ?-Shakspere.

Beneath those rugged elms, that yew-tree's shade.

Gray.

173. The root of the demonstrative appears in the Indo-European languages with the initial letters t, d, th, s, sh, h, followed by any of the vowels.

174. The following forms of the Demonstrative are commonly, but incorrectly, termed Personal pro

175. she (Anglo-Saxon he-o, se-o) is a later form of se=he: compare the Latin si-c and hi-c.

i-t (A.-S. hi-t). The form hi-t is common in old English: t is the neuter suffix.

hi-s, neut. (A.-S. hi-s). This form of the neuter is usual in old English as late as the 16th century:

And everich of these syunes hath his branches and
his twigges.-Chaucer.

When yon same star that's westward from the pole
Had made his course to illume that part of heaven
Where now it burns.-Shakspere.

hi-m (A.-S. hi-m). Him thoughte that his herte wold breke' (Chaucer): i. e. it appeared to him. Him and her are now commonly used instead of the old accusative hi-ne and hi.

the-ir (A.-S. hi-ra, heo-ra). See remarks on 'your,' § 171. In old English the usual form is hi-r.

the-m (A.-S. hi-m, he-om, in O. E. he-m). This dative

is now used as the accusative, which was originally the same as the nominative (A.-S. hi).

176. In addition to the above, the following forms of the demonstrative are in general use:

(1) this (sing.), these (plur.), used to point out objects near the speaker. (Lat. ho-.)

This pencil take, she said, whose colours clear

Richly paint the vernal year;

Thine too these golden keys, immortal boy!

Gray.

(2) that (sing.), those (plur.), used to indicate objects
distant from the speaker. (Lat. illo-, isto-.)

And first review that long-extended plain,
And yon wide groves already passed with pain.

Collins.

Long hast thou lingered midst those islands

fair,

Which lie like jewels on the Indian deep.

Lamb.

177. The, which is commonly called the Definite Article, is another form of the demonstrative pronoun. In modern English it has no distinctions of gender, number, or case.

In all the Indo-European languages in which the Definite Article is found, it is a modified form of the Demonstrative.

178. The word to in 'to-day,' 'to-night,' 'to-morrow,' is perhaps another form of the demonstrative.

179. The Adverbs formed from the demonstrative are the following: