lative, for-ma, 'fir-st.' Hence for-m-er is a comparative formed from a superlative. The same

root is seen in for-ward and fro-ward.

(i) Latter, last, are formed from late (Anglo-Saxon læt), as better and best from bet, and the root-vowel is modified by the suffix. The regular forms, lat-er and lat-est, are still used, but with a different signification.

NUMERALS.

147. The numerals are, strictly speaking, adjectives denoting number; but they are occasionally used as nouns hundreds, thousands, millions, &c.

Cardinal numerals are those which show how many objects are specified, as two bats,' three balls.'

Ordinal numerals show in what order objects are arranged the first prize,' 'the second boy,' the third day.'

148. The cardinal numerals from one' to 'ten' are simple elementary words. The rest are either compound or derived terms.

149. One (A.-S. an, an, on). It may be necessary to remark that there exist in English two words of this form, the numeral one and the noun one.

The latter is a word of classical origin, introduced with the Norman-French, and meant originally 'a person' (homo, homme, om, on). It has naturally a plural, ones, and should not be confounded with the numeral.

150. Eleven (Anglo-Saxon end-lufon, old English en-leven) is compounded of one, and a word meaning 'left,' 'remaining,' i. e. 10+1.

Twe-lve (Anglo-Saxon twe-lfe) is compounded of two (A.-S. twa) and lufon, 'remaining,' i. e. 10+2.

151. The cardinals from thirteen to nineteen are formed by suffixing -teen (Anglo-Saxon tyn, 'ten') to the first nine numerals.

In thir-teen r is transposed.

Fif-teen contains five in its original form (AngloSaxon fif), and the suffix has modified the rootvowel.

Eight-een has rejected a t.

152. The cardinals from twenty to ninety are formed by suffixing -ty (Anglo-Saxon -tig) to the first nine numerals; -ty or -tig is another form of ten, but its force as a suffix differs from that of -teen. Six-teen=6+10; six-ty=6x10.

Twen-ty (Anglo-Saxon twen-tig) contains the word twain (A.-S. twegen, 'two').

Thir-ty (Anglo-Saxon thri-tig) has transposed the r.

Fif-ty (Anglo-Saxon fif-tig) has the original fif, and has modified the root-vowel.

Eight-y has lost a t..

153. In hund-red the syllable hund means 'ten,' and a prefixed word signifying 'ten' has been dropped (10 × 10).

E

Thousand is a contraction from three words, each signifying 'ten' (tios-tig-hund); 10×10×10.

Mill-ion is a modern word, of Latin origin, the termination indicating the square of the number (1000 × 1000).

154. The ordinal numerals are adjectives, formed, with the exception of the first two, from the cardinals.

First, the superlative of for, the foremost' (see § 146, h). Compare the Latin prò-žmo-(prīmo-), and the Greek pro-tăto-(prò-ăto-, prōto-).

Second; this word is peculiar, being derived, not from the Saxon twa, but from the Latin secundo'following.' This peculiarity may be explained. In Anglo-Saxon there was no single word to express 'second;' the phrase the other being used for that purpose (as in Latin altero-). To remedy this defect, our ancestors adopted the Norman-French term second, and employed the other in a more general

sense.

155. The suffix of the ordinal numerals is -th (Anglo-Saxon -the). These words were probably superlatives.

Thir-d (Anglo-Saxon thri-dde). The original form is retained in old English, thridde, and in the word rid-ing, or thrid-ing, a division of Yorkshire. As the word commences with an asperate, the unasperated d takes the place of th.

Fifth retains the original fif, with a modified vowel.

Eigh-th has rejected t.

Twelf-th retains the original f, owing to the sharp

mute th.

156. Numeral adverbs are of two kinds: (1) adverbs of time, as once, twice, &c.; (2) ordinal adverbs, as first-ly, second-ly, &c.

Of the numeral adverbs of time, the first three exhibit a suffix, on-ce, twi-ce, thri-ce, formerly written on-es, twi-es, thri-es, and pronounced as a disyllable: Twi-és or thri-és in the year.

Compare the Latin du-is (bis), and the Greek di-s, tri-s.

The others are expressed by the cardinal numbers and the word 'times:'

Nine times the space that measures day and night.

Milton.

In 'once,' 'twice,' 'thrice,' observe the sharp sibilant after a liquid and a vowel; possibly to distinguish these adverbs from 'ones,' 'twos,' 'threes.'

157. Distributive numerals signify how many at a time. There are no separate forms to express them in English, but the following phrases are employed: 'by twos,' 'two by two,' 'two each,' 'two at a time,' 'two apiece.'

158. Bo-th (Anglo-Saxon ba-twa, butu). Bo is a compression of two; so Latin am-bo and duo, bis and duis; Anglo-Saxon ba and twa. Hence ba-twa and

bu-tu, 'bo-th,' is twa-twa, or two-two, i. e. two taken together.

159. Multipliers are expressed: (1) by Saxon words formed by the suffix -fold, as two-fold, threefold, four-fold; and (2) by Latin words, as double, treble, quadruple (Lat. du-plic-, tri-plic-, quadru-plic-), the suffix -plic- meaning the same as the Saxon -fold. 160. A modification of the numeral one is used to denote a single object indefinitely. A flower, a year, an adder, an hour. It is usually called the Indefinite Article. When placed before a word beginning with a consonant or y, the n was rejected.

This use of the numeral 'one' prevails in most modern languages of the Indo-European family.

161. N-one is a compound of the negative and 'one.' It is frequently shortened into no, none other,' 'no other.'

The adjective 'no' (none) must not be confounded with the adverb 'no' (not). (See § 189.)

On-ly and al-one are derivatives of this numeral.

PRONOUNS.

162. Pronouns are short words used to represent (1) Nouns, and their equivalents, viz. (2) Infinitives, (3) Infinitive sentences, and (4) Entire propositions. (1) Gabriel thus bespake the fiend:

Satan, I know thy strength, and thou know'st mine.

Milton.