CONNECTICUT CONNECTICUT, Stamford. (Near New The Deaf Can Hear The Catharine Aiken Boarding and Day address School for Girls "with their eyes" through our original and successful method of College preparatory and general courses. For illustrated catalog Expression Reading. It is simple, natural, rapid. Instruction Mrs. Harriet Beecher Scoville Devan, Wellesley A.B. personally, or by mail (using our lesson sheets and photographs of the expressions). Defective speech cured. For full informaCONNECTICUT, Wallingford, 23 Academy St. tion apply to Lillie Eginton Warren, Principal. WARREN SCHOOL OF ARTICULATION AND EXPRESSION READING The Phelps School for Young Girls 124 E. 28th St., N. Y. Branches: Boston, Philadelphia, Washington NEW YORK, New York, 150 Fifth Ave., Tel. 554 18th St. E. Miriam Coyriere Teachers' Agency Schools, tutors, conscientiously recommended, both home and abroad. Instructors supplied to universities, colleges, and schools. Musical Director Examinations optional. Established 1880. American and Foreign Teachers Agency. Supplies Colleges, Schools, and Families with Professors. Teachers. Tutors, and Governesses resident or visiting, American or Foreign, Parents aided in choice of schools. MRS. M. J. YOUNG-FULTON 23 Union Square, New York City. The Pratt Teachers' Agency 70New York Recommends teachers to colleges, schools, and families. will reopen Sept. 24, 1902. Thorough English, Languages, Music Individual attention from Primary to College Preparatory Ad dress Miss SARA S. PHELPS KELSEY. ILLINOIS HOME The University of Chicago STUDY offers 250 elementary and college cours by correspondence in 29 subjects, in cluding Pedagogy, Political Economy, History, Sociology, Latin, Spanish, English, Geology, Zoo! ogy, Botany, Library Science, etc. Instruction is personal Credit is granted for college courses successfully completed Work may begin at any time. For circular address THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO (Div. E), Chicago, Ill. MASSACHUSETTS Lasell Seminary AUBURNDALE, MASS. A school of the first class for young women. Gives thorough training in a liberal arts course planned wholly for young women adding its specialty of Household Economics. Boston Masters in Music and Art. Annex department of household practice a decided success. For catalogue address C. C. BRAGDON, Principal. Bradford Academy For Young Women. Estab lished 1803. Miss Laura 4. Knott, A.M., Principal. College preparatory and general courses. golf links, tennis courts, etc. For catalogue and book of visa address Bradford Academy, Bradford, Mass. INGLESIDE-A School for Girls Two years' course for High School graduates. 25 acres of ground New Milford, Litchfield Co., Conn. School year begins Tuesday, October 7th, 1902. MRS. WM. D. BLACK. Patroness. THE WEANTINAUG SCHOOL for BOYS NEW MILFORD, LITCHFIELD CO.. CONN. Prepa- MRS. MEAD'S SCHOOL FOR GIRLS to college. Miss Butts's School for Girls "LOWTHORPE," NORWICH, CONN. Perry Kindergarten Normal School 18 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Mass. THE LAWRENCE SCIENTIFIC SCHOOL offers professional courses in Engineering, Mining and Metallus Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Chemistry. Geology, Biology Anatomy and Hygiene (preparation for medical schools), Science for Teachers, and a course in General Science. Students are admitted to regular standing by examination and by transfer from other Schools or Colleges. Approved Special Students may be admitted without examinations. New and enlarged equipment in all depart The Catalogue and special circulars will be sent on apce the Secretary. J. L. LovE, 16 University Hall, Cambridge, N. S. SHALER, Deas 5. keeping taught thoroughly by mail. Prices low. Typewriters furnished. Situations for graduates. D. O. STRAYER'S BUSINESS COLLEGE, Baltimore, Md. MICHIGAN STAMMER Our 200-page book "The Origin and Treatment of Stammering" sent Free to any address. Enclose 6 cts. to pay postage. The LEWIS SCHOOL for STAMMERERS, 28 Adelaide St., Detroit, Mich. NEW JERSEY of school life here is the building of character. We Bordentown Military Institute KENT PLACE SCHOOL for Girls Walnut Hill School for Girls Near Wellesley and Boston. tificate admits to seven leading colleges. Advanced courses ered. Ample grounds for golf, tennis, basket ball. Catalogue Views sent on application. Miss CONANT and Miss BIGELOW, Principals. The MacDuffie School An incorporated school which strives to give girls the best training for body, mind, and character. Graduates in Wellesley, Vassar, Smith, and Bryn Mawr. Certificate rights. Extensive grounds. New Gymnasium, All sports. Year Book and views on application. Mrs. SARAH WOODMAN PAUL, Principal. Hamilton W. Mabie, LL.D., Pres. Board of Trustees. NEW YORK Granger Place School for Girls SAMUEL COLE FAIRLEY, Principal. Howard Seminary Nyack For Girls and Young Laales amous for the excellent results it has achieved, r the earnest spirit of its staff of teachers and e homelike atmosphere of its school life. Large adowments have made low terms possible350 to $400 a year. Academic, College Prearatory and Special Courses. Miss SARAH E. LAUGHTON, Principal, West Bridgewater, Mass. he Allen School Successful for 50 years. 80 per cent. increase in mos., largely through recommendations of parents. Boys and ls in separate families. New building with unsurpassed gymsium and swimming tank. Illustrated catalogue. Address HEAD MASTER, West Newton, Mass. Military CANANDAIGUA, NEW YORK. Academy NYACK ON HUDSON, N. Y. 29 miles from New York City. A SELECT MILITARY BOARDING SCHOOL FOR BOYS. Address The SUPERINTENDENT. Athletics. PUTNAM HALL SCHOOL Vassar Preparation. Ellen Clizbe Bartlett (For additional Educational Announcements see last advertising pages.) The R Rubber Industry in South By ELLIOT WEATHERBY UBBER is the elastic material that ties the world together. Those who first discovered a commercial use for rubber, two hundred years ago in India-hence the name India rubberlittle thought that there would come a time which historians would chronicle as the rubber age. That age is the present time; for rubber is unquestionably foremost in importance, in a certain sense, in the commercial progress of the world. This is called also the electrical age, but it is rubber that makes possible the manifold applications of electricity. For example, if the Pacific cable were to be built within the present year, its construction would consume the entire available supply of rubber in the United States to-day. Comparatively little use was made of rubber before. Goodyear was led by his genius to the discovery of a scientific treatment of the crude product, which gave to the world a new commercially available product of extraordinary value in advancing the arts of modern civilization. Rubber has now become a vital necessity, its production assuming vast proportions and its consumption a dominant factor in a great number of industries. Every day a new use is found for rubber. Manufacturers separate these products into five divisions: (1) Footwear; (2) Mechanical Goods; (3) Clothing; (4) Druggists' Sundries; (5) Hard Rubber. Over thirty per cent. of all these manufactured rubber goods is represented by boots and shoes, this branch of the industry giving employment to twenty thou sand workmen, who produce annually forty million dollars' worth of rubber foot-wear. Altogether the rubber factories of the United States use yearly over sixty million pounds of rubber, turning it out again in thousands of different useful articles. Horses and human beings alike are clothed with rubber, and wire is covered with it. The carriage wheel is tired with it, and the vehicle that has not a rubber tire is called old-fashioned. Miles of rubber hose are used in gardens, railroad cars, and a hundred other places where water, stean, and gas are used. Then comes rubber belting and matting. Notice the rubber mats on floors and stairs, and aboard ship, and the mats under icepitchers, the mats on the cigar-stand for change! Typewriter manufacturers need rubber in immense quantities for the rollers; a quarter of a million dollars is put in billiard-tables, and there is one hundred thousand dollars' worth of rubber used in the carpet-sweepers made annually. The tiny pieces of rubber sunk into lead pencils for erasers would weigh tons if collected in one pile The rubber rings on preserve jars represent a huge fortune, one company alone using several hundred thousand pounds of rubber a year in such rings. There are immense values in rubber in the shape of rubber stamps, atomizers, air-cushions, water-bettles, harness trimmings, ink-wells, ruler: penholders, and fittings for pipes. Base ball and football players alone use a million dollars' worth of rubber every year. The manufacture of all these rubber commodities has created a demand for rubber that is simply insatiable. Rubber, indeed, ranks third among American imports, being exceeded in quality and value only by sugar and coffee. Whence comes this vast quantity of crude rubber? What are the facts relating to the world's rubber supply? Rubber comes from South America, from the Central American States, from western Africa, India, and the Indian Archipelago. The best rubber, however, as all the world knows, comes from just one region--and that is the region of the Amazonas, embracing a certain part of southern Venezuela and the borders of the Amazon in Brazil. In his book on South America, Mr. Frank G. Carpenter, the distinguished traveler who made a twenty-five-thousand-mile journey in search of industrial information, says: "Ama zon rubber is the best of all rubber; it furnishes the bulk of the product." Seventy-five per cent. of all the rubber produced in the world is shipped via Para and Manaos, from either one of which ships leaving for New York often carry cargoes of rubber valued at two million dollars or more. Manaos has gained its importance as a rubber port because of its nearness to that section of the Amazonas which scientists have discovered to be the world's greatest rubber country. The country referred to is a certain strip between the Rio Orinoco and the Rio Negro in Venezuela-all of which territory has been acquired by a company of American capitalists-but that is a story that will keep until later on. It is a significant fact that the greatest of rubber regions is now conceded to be within the borders of a country toward which the whole world is looking as the great new industrial Eldorado-Venezuela. At this present moment England and Germany are engaged in a dispute with that country. A dispute over what? Our own Monroe Doctrine would not permit England or Germany to acquire territory in Venezuela; hence is it not obvious that that which these two European nations wish most of all of Venezuela is a commercial foothold? The natural resources of that South American Republic, indeed, have aroused the cupidity of European commercial nations, and this is the real cause of the presence of the fleets of two great nations to-day off the coast of Venezuela. As United States Minister to Venezuela, Francis B. Loomis said: "The resources of Venezuela are by no means confined to gold. Within a few months capitalists in command of large fortunes have been making a close study of possibilities in Venezuela. They are also seeking to acquire large tracts of land for the purpose of exploiting the rubber products which they contain." According to ex-Minister Loomis, then, rubber is one of the greatest natural resources of Venezuela, and it is the valuable rubber forests of that country that have been acquired by the American capitalists before referred to a circumstance which forms the theme of this story. Before giving the reader a glimpse of this rubber region, however, it is necessary to state one or two facts concerning other rubber regions. In the Central American States, for example, and in Peru, and even in Brazil, the natives cut down the rubber trees ruthlessly, instead of merely tapping them, with no regard for the future; but rubber in its crude state is a sap, and should be gathered, as is maplesugar sap, by tapping the tree, not by destroying it. As the future production of rubber in the tropics is threatened by the excessive tapping, as well as the felling of the wild rubber trees by the rubber hunters, American rubber manufacturers sometimes anxiously inquire how it will be possible to supply the enormous demand in the immediate future. It is claimed that one remedy for the destruction of the wild tree is the fostering of the natural rubber tree. Those who have traveled in the rubber country, however, and have studied conditions there, dispute this claim. Mr. Carpenter, the traveler before referred to, says: "It takes from fifteen to twenty years after the planting before rubber trees will produce enough sap to pay for gathering it." Scientists who have studied the conditions add that it is not possible to plant and cultivate rubber trees here, there, or anywhere, with any degree of commercial success, any more than it is possible to raise oranges in Maine or coffee in Montana. The fact remains, then, that the rubber industry for many years to come must depend entirely upon the wild trees. These wild trees grow along the borders of rivers, and the particular series of streams involved in the rubber industry are the Amazonas before mentioned, the greatest rubber-producing section of this greatest of rubber regions being that bordering both sides of the Rio Casiquiare, between the Rio Orinoco and the Rio Negro in Venezuela---the region, in short, acquired by the Para Rubber Plantation Company. The territory thus acquired is larger than the State of Rhode Island. It is one hundred and seventy-five miles long and eight miles wide, with the Rio Casiquiare forming a natural canal flowing almost directly through its center. The total area is fourteen hundred square miles, an area greater than that of Rhode Island by more than two hundred square miles. To put these figures in another |