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can resources, opinions regarding South America's place in the world's future, plans for industrial development which might form a basis for the permanent pacification of Venezuela and Colombia, contribute to the value and timeliness of the book.

Epoch-Making Papers in United States His

tory. Edited by Marshall Stewart Brown. The Macmillan Co., New York. 42x6 in. 207 pages. 25c. Euripides. Translated into English Rhyming Verse by Gilbert Murray, M.A., LL.D. Illustrated. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 5x72 in. 355 pages. $2.

This and the volume on Sophocles, the full title of which is given under that name, form the third and fourth volumes in the very competent series entitled "The Athenian Drama.” The volume devoted to Sophocles contains translations of "Edipus Tyrannus," "Edipus Coloneus," and "Antigone," by Professor John S. Phillimore, of the University of Glasgow; the volume of Euripides presents "Hippolytus," "The Baccha," and "The Frogs," in the translation of Dr. Gilbert Murray, both volumes being supplied with elaborate introductions, with commentaries, notes, and illustrations. Dr. Phillimore discards blank verse, and his translation is in rhyme-couplets. Explorations in Bible Lands During the

Nineteenth Century. By H. V. Hilprecht, Ph.D., D.D., LL.D. Illustrated. A. J. Holman & Co., Philadelphia. 6x9 in. 810 pages. $3, net. Reserved for later notice.

From the Unvarying Star. By Elsworth Lawson. The Macmillan Co., New York, 5×7 in. 292 pages. $1.50.

This romance has real poetical feeling, a charming love story, and closer character study than is to be found in the average novel. The plot deals largely with the trials of a young English Dissenting minister, who is not only "pestered for opinion's sake" by a hypocritical and hard-grained elder, but is accused wrongfully of having an illicit love affair, the fact being that he has rescued his sister from a scoundrel (the excessive villainy of this man and his melodramatic death are the weakest points in the book) and is sheltering her from public scorn. With the exception named, the story is natural, simple, and sincere.

Great Siberian Railway from St. Petersburg

to Pekin (The). By Michael Myers Shoemaker. Illustrated. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 52X8 in. 243 pages. $2.

Though twenty years have elapsed since Mr. Shoemaker's first visit to Russia, he detects but little improvement in the condition of intelligence among the rank and file of the inhabitants, "and the worst of it is that they appear indifferent to their ignorance." This author doubts if the building of the transSiberian railway will, after all, really consolidate the Russian Empire. He regards its consolidation, and also its extension, very much as an intelligent Russian would, appreciating the peculiar advantages of the Czar's government as applied, for instance, to Manchuria; Mr. Shoemaker hopes that Russia "will hold on to that province as tightly as England has to Egypt." In any case, he thinks one feature fortunate when the controlling element in Asiatic expansion is Russian,

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Heredity and Social Progress. By Simon N. Patten. The Macmillan Company, New York. 5x74 in. 214 pages. $1.25.

Under this title Professor Patten solves an economic problem by the aid of biology. The problem is whether the temporary surplus, which forms part of each year's product through human effort, can be transformed into permanent conditions or into mental traits. On the possibility of this depends all progress. The answer is sought in a study of biologic life, as a field the changes in which are parallel to those of economic life. Even an epitome of the analogy thus presented in this original and striking essay would exceed the present limits. It is not perfectly easy reading for the non-scientific reader, but it is simplified to the extent it will bear, and very clearly presented to those who will take care to understand. There is, of course, a certain analogy between "ecology"-the term here preferred to economics, as free from technical limitation -and biology; for there is an analogy between the life of the community and that of the individual. There is also an analogy between a social and a physical science, as ecology and biology; for physical forces have to do with each. But the analogy between these two fields is limited; they but partly coincide; man and society are dominated by superphysical as well as physical forces. While Professor Patten does not seem to press the analogy beyond its worth, he sometimes so expresses himself as to tempt that way a reader who is not on his guard; e. g., ethical impulse begins in improved bodily mechanisms." His conclusions run counter to some widely held doctrines in economics and in education. "Progress is the development of the strong, not where they are strong, but where they are weak ;" and the strongest men are weak in some point. "Education cannot improve natural characters"-the strong side-it is for the strengthening of the weak side of nature. "Men and women tend to be different. They must be kept on an equality by an education that shall give to each sex the qualities that are natural to the other." So in the field of reform: "Every class must give its strength and characters to other classes, and each race to its neighbors. Then a new surplus will appear." the basis of continued progress. The whole course of thought which issues in these conclusions is eminently fresh and suggestive.

an

History of Woman Suffrage (The). Edited by

Susan B. Anthony and Ida Husted Harper. Illustrated. In 4 vols. Vol. IV.. 1883-1900. Published by Susan B. Anthony, 17 Madison Street, Rochester, N. Y. 6x9 in. 1.144 pages.

This volume covers the history of the woman's rights movement during the past two decades,

and summarizes the present state of the law in all the American States not only as regards the voting and office-holding privileges of women, but also as regards the whole field of their civil rights. The editorial work is well done, and the narrative of events in nearly all the commonwealths is compact with significant facts. The work, therefore, is of valueparticularly for reference purposes-to the critics of the movement as well as to its advocates. The defeats are recorded as fully as the victories-though of course the arguments presented by the opponents are not recorded with anything like the fullness accorded to the arguments in its favor. The defeats-except that in Kansas in 1894-seem not in any measure to have discouraged the suffragists. In each State where equal suffrage has been twice submitted to the voters-Colorado, Oregon, and Washington-they point out that the suffragists were much stronger at the second election than at the first. In most of the recent Western campaigns the chief supporters of woman's suffrage have been the Populists and Silver Republicans. The regular Republican conventions have been noncommittal and the Democratic conventions hostile toward the movement.

Human Destiny in the Light of Revelation, By John F. Weir, M.A. Houghton, Mifilin & Co.. Boston. 42X7 in. 186 pages. $1, net.

This book is founded on the dualistic philosophy. Its teaching may be summarized briefly as follows: There are two worlds, a physical and spiritual, a natural and supra-natural. Science deals with the first, revelation deals with the second. Man by nature is of the earth, earthy; he is not a son of God. He was not made in the image of God. The statement in the first chapter of Genesis, that God made man in his own image, refers to a perfected creation, a perfect man. The statement in the second chapter of Genesis, that he was formed of the dust of the ground, states the historic fact, and in this it is not affirmed that he was made in the image of God. The divine life, which alone is capable of transforming man into God's image and making him a son of God, was brought into the world by Jesus Christ, and it is only through Jesus Christ that men are made in God's image. They then become partakers of his nature, and so sharers in his destiny. The author leaves us in doubt respecting those patriarchs and prophets of the Old Testament dispensation who were created before Jesus Christ, and those men of the pagan world who have never heard of him. The writer makes full and large use of Scripture in support of his theory, but the Scripture which he uses seems to us, in many cases, not to justify the conclusions which he deduces; thus: "It is plain that man was not created a child of God in the order of nature; for it is

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said that the creature waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God'—that is, for that new birth, of the Spirit,' which implants in man the divine nature.' But "manifestation" is not equivalent to "creation." The very fact that the creation waiteth for the manifestation of the sons of God indicates that sonship already exists, though dormant,

hidden, undisclosed. The volume will be interesting to the student of Scripture, but we do not think it will carry conviction to the average modern mind. Its scheme of life is too unnatural, the critic would say too artincial, the author would perhaps say too spiritual.

Human Personality and its Survival of Bodily Death. By Frederic W. H. Myers. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. In 2 vols. 6x9 in. $12 Reserved for later notice.

In Piccadilly. By Benjamin Swift. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 5x7 in. 264 pages. A wild and tumultuous tale dealing with prim itive passions in modern fashionable London. One always feels in Mr. Swift's books that he really should have been a tragic poet of the Elizabethan age rather than a modern realistic novelist. He uses an abrupt staccato style; his characters are mostly unlovely and often unreal; he often "writes at the top of his voice;" he has no sense of humor; nevertheless there are here and there flashes of real power and something very like real genius. This story of jealousy, illicit passion, hatred, and murder is far from pleasant, but it has virile force, nevertheless.

Italy and the Italians. By Edward Hutton. Illustrated. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 51×8 in. 343 pages. $1.50, net.

Mr. Hutton's impressions of Italy are printed on exquisite paper, as befits the often exquisite thought a thought peculiarly attuned to those subtler charms of the Peninsula which are apt to escape the quick traveler. In Mr. Hutton we have a writer who seems to have lived in Italy, to have absorbed it, to have been absorbed by it, not merely to have seen it in a cursory manner. His language seen.s instinctively poetic, and we see through a poet's eye Genoa, Pisa, Siena, Orvieto, Rome -in fact, the principal Italian cities. We see notable personages too, and at close range: for instance, the Pope, the King, Cardinal Rampolla, the poet Carducci, the novelist Foggazzaro, and the dramatist Gabriele d'Annunzio. The last named becomes a somewhat more interesting character than in other descriptions of him. Mr. Hutton acknowledges that this Italian is "not without the words of the sensualist," in which madness he, like all in its grip, becomes "minute, dreary, infinitely infinitesimal." This, however, seems almost forgotten in the enthusiastic phrases which describe the genius of one who has often been regarded principally as a décadent. Another interesting allusion in this interesting book concerns the talent of the late Mr. Shorthouse. Mr. Hutton declares that "John Inglesant' has caught more of the spirit of Italy than has any other book:" undoubtedly he meant to add "by a foreigner." Jewish Ceremonial Institutions and Customs.

By William Rosenau, Ph.D. Illustrated. The Friedenwald Co., Baltimore. 5x7 in. 193 pages. An interesting book, well illustrated. A note worth making is that at the present time no divorce can take place according to Jewish law except upon mutual agreement of husband and wife-a great mitigation of the Mosaic rule.

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This biography is entirely worthy of such admirable paper, print, and binding. It is a dignified, painstaking, acceptable account of a great dreamer's life and thought. More nearly than any other attempt to deal with either, this book puts that life and that thought in truer perspective with other men's lives and other men's thoughts. The present volume is not only interesting personally and politically; a sufficient period has now intervened since Mazzini's death (1872) to enable us to judge both the man and the politician. As we turn page after page of this appreciation, Mazzini the ethical teacher looms luminously rather than Mazzini the man or Mazzini the statesman. When he was in the twenties, his inspiration of duty, and his conviction that all morality rested on an ideal, seemed to be as stimulating as during his last heroic days. Happiness was never the end of his life, but duty. Hence Mazzini's greatness as a man, revolutionist, politician, thinker, teacher, was purely that which belongs to character. Circumstance or status-the things which environ so many men's lives, warping them, or unnecessarily or unreasonably magnifying them-had little or nothing to do with the development of Mazzini's character. If he had not been a revolutionist, if he had not been a republican, if he had not been an enthusiast for unity during apparently hopeless years, his character must still have stood out beyond those even of such distinguished co-laborers as Cavour, Manin, Garibaldi, and Victor Emmanuel. Fortunate it was for an often unpractical man that he had such associates especially Cavour. Wherever we see Mazzini, as described by his latest biographer -during the 1831 revolution, at Marseilles, Geneva, London; during the 1848 rising and the all too short period of the Roman Republic, and then during the glorious days of the final welding of Italian unity-we learn from him, not only that democracy is the ideal government, not only that unity and peace must finally grow out of disintegration, but that society cannot rest on morality alone-it must also have religion-and, above all, that the spiritual, not the material, is lastingly para

mount.

My Woodland Intimates. By Effie Bignell. The Baker & Taylor Co., New York. 5x7% in. 241 pages. $1, net.

All who are pleased to listen to true tales of how little wild creatures may live on friendly and confiding terms with human beings who prove themselves worthy of such distinction will enjoy this volume of quiet nature stories. Pastoral Visitation. By the Rev. H. E. Savage, M.A. (Handbooks for the Clergy Series.) Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 5X7 in. 182 pages. 96c.

Specially designed for the instruction of Anglican clergymen.

Phillips Brooks.

By William Lawrence. Houghton, Mifflin & Co., Boston. 4x7 in. 51 pages. 50c.

This is the address delivered on the 23d of January, the tenth anniversary of the death or Phillips Brooks. It is published just in time for Easter, and is an appropriate Easter gift. Edward Everett Hale is reported to have said that it is the best interpretation of Phillips Brooks and his work that has been given. We certainly think it is the best that we have seen in anything like so brief a compass. Principles of Criticism (The): An Introduction to the Study of Literature. By W. Basil Worsfold, M.A. (New Edition.) Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 5x71⁄2 in. 256 pages. $1.12, net. A new edition of a condensed and well-written survey of the general subject of literary criticism, with citation of principles from Plato, Aristotle, and the earlier and later critics, both Continental and English, and with a discussion of the various forms of literary art. Proverbs and Common Sayings from the

Chinese, Together with Much Related and Unrelated Matter, Interspered with Observations on Chinese Things in General. By Arthur H. Smith. (New and Revised Edition.) The American Presbyterian Mission Press, Shanghai. 6x9 in. 403 pages.

Publications of the Mississippi Historical Society. Edited by Franklin L. Riley. Vol. VI. Printed for the Society, Oxford, Miss. 6×91⁄2 in. 567 pages.

Several of the papers contained in this volume are of National as well as State interest. Sociologists all over the country will be interested in Colonel J. H. Jones's compact account of "Penitentiary Reform in Mississippi." It is written in a spirit of fine humanity, and frankly recognizes that a negro legislature took the first steps to suppress the horrors of the convict lease system, and that the first white legislatures after the overthrow of negro government permitted the abuses of the system to develop. The final overthrow of the system, instead of bringing the financial losses which the materialists used to anticipate, has opened the way for a system of State employment which is more than self-supporting. The long chapter on "Suffrage and Reconstruction in Mississippi" is of even wider historical interest, and explains better than any recent work on the reconstruction period how the South was led to reject the Fourteenth Amendment, when its acceptance promised to restore the Southern States to their old places in the Federal system without negro suffrage. This offer was, without doubt, made in good faith by the overwhelming majority of the Republican Congress, and had it been accepted the Fifteenth Amendment could not have been adopted.

School History of the United States: Being a

Revision of a Brief History of the United States.
By Joel Dorman Steele, Ph.D., F.G.S., and Esther
Baker Steele, Lit.D. The American Book Co., New
York. 52x8 in. 432 pages. $1.

Selection of the Shorter Poems of Wordsworth

(A). Edited by Edward Fulton, Ph.D. The Macmillan Co., New York. 4x534 in. 181 pages. 25c. This latest addition to Macmillan's "Pocket American and English Classics" is edited with an introduction by Professor Edward Fulton, of the University of Illinois. It presents

an ample selection from the shorter poems of Wordsworth, and has an introduction of considerable length, which deals with Wordsworth's biography, the influences which were brought to bear upon him, his theory of poetry, his philosophy of life, and the quality and art of the shorter poems. The volume is supplied with notes.

Socialist and the Prince (The). By Mrs. Fre

mont Older. The Funk & Wagnalls Co., New York. 5x8 in. 309 pages. $1.50.

Another novel in which the contentions of labor and capital form the web through which the thread of a love-story winds, its way. The battle is waged in this instance, not in Wall Street, but in San Francisco, which is a welcome variation; and the burning question is not the matter of a coal strike or a corner in stocks, but of Chinese labor, the date of the story being that of the anti-Chinese labor agitation of some years ago. Paul Stryne, the workingmen's leader, is the best-drawn character in the book; his love-making to the capitalist's daughter, his mastery of his followers, his defection from their cause at a critical moment in a political campaign, furnish chapters of intense and dramatic interest. Sophocles. Translated by John Swinnerton Phillimore, M.A. Illustrated. Longmans, Green & Co., New York. 5x7 in. 355 pages. $2. See the note under Euripides in another column.

Spirals in Nature and Art: A Study of Spiral

Formations Based on the Manuscripts of Leonardo da Vinci. By Theodore A. Cook, M.A., F.S.A. Illustrated. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 52x8 in. 200 pages. $2.50, net.

The accomplished author of "Old Touraine " has now published an ingenious study of spiral formations, specially based on the manuscripts and work of Leonardo da Vinci. Leonardo was not only great as a painter, but also as an architect, scientist, engineer, mathematician, biologist. Through him we realize that certain natural laws bind an architect's work as they bind the growth of all organic structure, and in the present essay Mr. Cook suggests one of these laws. The investigation of spiral forms in nature is still incomplete, but much has been done by our author in his new volume to show how they have been and may be adapted in architecture.

Studies in Christian Character, Work, and Experience. By Rev. William L. Watkinson. In 2 vols. The Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 5X7 in. Per vol., $I, net.

These two volumes of brief sermons, like "The Blind Spot" and "The Bane and the Antidote," by the same author, exhibit insight and abound in illustrative writing that really illustrates. Mr. Watkinson does not hesitate to emphasize the reverse aspect of a truth, after stating its converse. His way of saying things is eminently terse, clear, concrete, and practical.

Studies in the History of Educational Opinion

from the Renaissance. By S. S. Laurie, A.M., LL.D. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5×71⁄2 in. 261 pages.

In this excellent book Mr. Laurie does not try to treat the whole question of education from the Renaissance to our own times. Instead,

he adopts a far more interesting and popular method: he selects representative men from the fifteenth century to the present as subjects for his admirable appreciations; for instance, such educationists as Erasmus, who died in 1536; Montaigne, who died in 1592; Bacon (1626), Milton (1674), Locke (1704), and Herbert Spencer, who, happily, is still living. Mr. Laurie's characterization of these and other men is striking. Of course he calls Montaigne and Locke Rationalists, and Roger Ascham a Humanist, but Comenius is a "Sense-Encyclopædist," Milton is a "Classical Encyclopædist," while Spencer is a "Modern Sense-Realist." According to Mr. Laurie, the roots of the Renaissance are to be found further back in the Gothic Age than we sometimes think. Certain precursors of the Renaissance are evident enough in the Middle Ages, it is true-the Crusades and the age of chivalry, the beginnings of national vernacular literatures, and, above all, the freedom of discussion at the mediæval universities. These elements, however, in the opinion of many, are not so notable in foreshadowing the Renaissance as in adding distinction to the period of scholastic philosophy, cathedral schools, and university foundations-to the age of Dante, Giotto, St. Thomas, St. Francis, St. Bernard, and St. Louis.

Story of the Churches (The): The Presbyterians. By Charles Lemuel Thompson, D.D. The Baptists. By Henry C. Vedder, D.D. The Baker & Taylor Co., New York. 42x7 in. Per vol., $1, net. Illiteracy is in more degrees than is popularly supposed. The church member ignorant of the history of his own Church is not free from an illiteracy that is not creditable. These outlines leave less excuse for it than the big books hitherto dealing with the subject. What every church member ought to know is here presented in clear and compact form, sufficiently condensed for the limitations of busy people. So briefly is the story told as to make it easy for one to learn also about other churches than his own-an accomplishment now rare, but most desirable.

Theory of Education in Plato's " Republic " (The). By John E. Adamson, M.A. The Macmillan Co., New York. 5x7 in. 258 pages. This is a book of no merely antiquarian interest. Plato is perennially fresh. His theory of education touches modern needs at many points, at none more than in regard to the social interest in education, the making of good citizens, for which a purely individual interest has too often been substituted. Those who are minded to turn from the new wine of our modern educational literature to the old wine of Plato's Academy will find Mr. Adamson's book not only instructive, but charming in its setting forth of principles thought out so long since, and still tasking wisdom to apply. According to Plato, religious and moral training in reverence toward God and the family virtues is primordial. In this a powerful factor is literature. But one must guard against the dangers of imitation. Individuality and self-reliance must be cultivated. The teacher must efface himself, not impress himself upon his pupils; to superintend and guide is his

sole function. Esthetic and intellectual training are essential constituents of moral culture; the beautiful and the true are intimately related to the good. "The end of a 'musical' education is a good character." Other chapters deal with physical culture, social welfare, the cardinal virtue. But one may question if Mr. Adamson rightly conceives of patriotism as "a dangerous emotion." Defined as love of one's countrymen as a brotherhood, rather than of one's country as a place to make one's fortune in, only the lack of patriotism can be dangerous.

Theism. By Borden P. Bowne. Comprising the Deems Lectures for 1902. The American Book Co., New York. 52x81⁄2 in. 323 pages. In this largely augmented revision of his work on "The Philosophy of Theism" Professor Bowne holds closely to the essentials of theistic argument, intent wholly on clearing up and settling its logical principles. Not, however, as if the issue between theism and its contradictories rested on logic. The office of logic ends with determining the correctness of the process of reason from premiss to conclusion-a purely regulative function. Tested thus by logical principles, atheism is shown to be "a mental outlaw," and "philosophically illiterate and belated." Viewed as a presentation of the logical validity of the theistic argument, Professor Bowne's outline might be called "the Logic of Theism." But he admits that the entire argument rests on the basis of "faith;" he insists that it must so rest, and rests securely so. Faith is rooted not in logic, but in life, in the mind's necessity of self-realization and self-preservation. The fundamental realities are the principles by which we live, and live our best life. These are assumed by an act of faith in the essential truthfulness of life and reality. He who will assume nothing of this cuts away the basis of science as well as of religion. But, so much being assumed, the issue between theism and atheism is virtually settled. Regarding these as rival hypotheses for the explanation of the cosmos and of man, it appears that while theism cannot be "proved" without begging the question, it cannot be denied without ending in absurdity. Atheism, as Professor Bowne observes, "is a kind of intellectual parasite." It has flourished less through any vitality of its own than on the faults of some theistic arguments. The thorough work in theistic thought accomplished during the past generation has bereft it of this nutriment, and the atheistic gust" has mostly blown over. Professor Bowne has himself contributed to this, especially in the field of epistemology, where the suicidal nature of atheistic thought is demonstrated. Theism still has its puzzles, to which atheism has given more attention than to its own desperate ones. The problem of "the One and the Many," the inner relation of the world of individuals to God, is one of these, and here Professor Bowne himself is less clear than elsewhere. Theism will not be perfected till it has absorbed all the truth there is in Pantheism, and this Professor Bowne does not seem to have quite done.

Two Heroes of Cathay: An Autobiography and a Sketch. Edited by Luella Miner. The Fleming H. Revell Co., New York. 5x8 in. 238 pages. $1, net.

Reserved for later notice.

Under the Rose. By Frederic S. Isham.

Illustrated. The Bowen-Merrill Co., Indianapolis,
Ind. 5x71⁄2 in. 427 pages.

A love story of the time of Francis I. of France and Charles V. of Spain; the principal scenes are laid in the court of the former and the tent of the latter. There are princes and princesses to spare, and enough jesters to amuse them-the hero being a "fool," who came very near to playing a most serious joke upon himself.

"Unofficial:" A Two Days' Drama.

By Hon. Mrs. Walter R. D. Forbes (née Farwell). D. Appleton & Co., New York. 5x74 in. 275 pages. $1. The combination of several situations which

possess the inherent attractiveness peculiar to the staples of the story-teller's art are so strung together as to make this little volume an entertaining companion for a leisure hour when one wants to read something very light indeed. Veronica. By Martha W. Austin. Double

day, Page & Co., New York. 5x8 in. 256 pages. $1.50.

One charm of this prose idyl lies in its sympathy with nature, appreciation of her moods, and acceptance of her ministries. It is a love story, and keen and delicate insight is displayed in depicting the tortures of a constant by an inconstant heart, and in showing the broadening and strengthening of the former through doubt as through faith.

We Shall Live Again: The Third Series of Sermons which have Appeared in the New York Sunday Herald. By George H. Hepworth, D.D. E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 5×73⁄4 in. 271 pages. $1, net.

Of the more than fifty sermonettes in this collection, which takes its title from the subject of the first, a large number open windows toward the world of spirit. Dr. Hepworth felt himself a citizen of that world as of this, and the uplifting influence of it pervades his thought. Life was to him worth living, and

these short sermons to the readers of the New York "Herald are pointed with an aim to make it so.

woman

What Manner of Man. By Edna Kenton. The Bowen-Merrill Co., Indianapolis, Ind. 5x8 in. 30) pages. This is a modern version of "Prometheus Bound," the Prometheus being a whose martyrdom comes when she discovers why her artist-husband married her. Thayer, the artist, paints the souls of women; he is equal to heroic measures in bringing the soul to the surface while studying the embodiments transferred to his canvas.

Wisdom of James the Just (The). By Right

Rev. W. Boyd Carpenter, D.D. Thomas Whittaker, New York. 5x7 in. 253 pages. $1.20, net. The Bishop of Ripon assumes that the Epistle of St. James is an epistle and was written by James; he does not go into the critical discussion of this New Testament contribution to Hebrew wisdom literature. His comments are exegetical. His work is an elaborate untechnical commentary.

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