make a treaty binding, it is necessary that it should be would submit to the committee some considerations evincmade by the authority of the United States, and this is all ing the impolicy of the passage of this bill, growing out of which is necessary. This authority is delegated to the the enormous expense which will attend its execution, and President and Senate, and, when exercised by them, the the utter annihilation which it will cause of the tribes who States have agreed that it is duly made. Whereas, as to may remove to their contemplated residence west of the a law, it must be made in pursuance of the constitution, Mississippi. But I have already exhausted my strength and of this the judicial department is constituted the in the discussion of the other interesting questions connectjudge. Now, these treaties have been made by the Pre-ed with the bill. I shall leave these topics to my friends sident, and ratified by two-thirds of the Senate. They who may follow me in this debate. have therefore been made under the authority of the United States; and thus the States, by becoming parties to the constitution, have declared them to be the supreme law of the land. Is it in the power of any State to declare that, in making these treaties, the limits prescribed by the constitution, were passed that there was an exercise of power not to be delegated?
It is, in most cases, a safe rule by which to ascertain the correctness of an assumed principle, by following it out in its consequences. What would they be in the case we are now considering, if these treaties are invalid? If they are void as to the United States, or as to any of the States, they are so as to the Indians. If they cannot be carried into effect, in good faith, because they infringe upon the rights of the States, they are inoperative for all purposes. The Indian tribes may aay with great propriety to this Government, if you have not the power to fulfil the stipulations contained in the treaties made with us, we are un der no obligation, on our part, to comply with them. If you exceeded your powers, the treaties are at an end. And what would then be the result? Why, every cession of land made by virtue of them is a void grant. The boundaries which now circumscribe them, are no longer fixed and permanent. Every thing conceded by them in these treaties, is set afloat. Are the States more especially benefited by them, prepared for this result? Are they willing to acknowledge the principle that no permanent rights were acquired for them by the ratification of these treaties?
I would not, if I had the power, excite any improper sympathy in favor of these remnants of a once powerful race. I will not ask the committee to consider the manner in which the white man was received by them, when he first set his foot upon the shores of the Western world; to the cessions of lands which from time to time they have made to the colonies, and to this nation; to their present condition as improved in civilization, in morals, and religion; to their attachment to their present homes, the lands which they occupy, the graves of their fathers. No, sir, our obligations to sustain and protect them where they now are, are derived from sources which need not the aid of sympathy to give them credit.
My friend from New York [Mr. STORRS] pointed out the view which would hereafter be taken of our decision on this bill, should it become a law. He took us from this Hall, and assembled us before the tribunal of our own countrymen, who would pronounce the sentence of condemanation; before the tribunal of assembled nations, who would pass a like sentence; before the tribunal of posterity, where would be open the volume of history, in which would be found written in letters of fire, this republic violated its solemn treaty obligations with the Indian tribes, because it had the power, and was actuated by motives of interest to do it. Sir, our future bistorian will not have the power of the recording angel, as he writes this sentence, and drops upon it a tear to blot it out. It will remain there as long as time endures. It is like the ulcer of infamy; no balsam can heal it: it is like the wreck of a ruined reputation; no artist can rebuild it. I might pursue the train of thought suggested by my friend from New York. I might assemble this nation before the most august tribunal ever to be erected-the tribunal of the last day. But I shall not attempt to draw aside the veil which conceals the transactions of that day, Divine inspiration hath written for our admonition, and I pray that it may not be repeated, in the retributions of the last judgment, Cursed be he that possesseth himself of the field of the fatherless and him that hath no helper, and the congreIf my physical strength was competent to the task, Ilgated universe pronounce the sentence just.
If the Indian tribes possess the rights of soil and sovereignty to the extent which I have attempted to show they do possess them; if the treaties and laws entered into and enacted by the United States in relation to these tribes, are valid, the power to pass this law does not exist, and its inexpediency is obvious. It takes away from those tribes, or impairs the rights which belong to them. It substitutes a legislative enactment, requiring only a majority of both Houses of Congress for a treaty which requires the assent of two-thirds of the Senate.
INDEX TO THE DEBATES IN THE SENATE.
Adjournment, joint committee appointed to wait upon the President, and notify him that Congress were about to adjourn, 457. Committee reported, and the Senate adjourned, 457.
Appropriation bill, taken up, 245. Appropriations for light-houses, beacons, and buoys, bill making, taken up, 432; amended, and ordered to a third reading, 433.
bill detained by President United States for further consideration, 457.
motion to print the remonstrance of the State of, against treaties formed by the United States with the Indians in that State, and against the inter- course law of 1796, 245; proposition to amend so as to include the laws of Georgia extending jurisdiction over the Cherokees, 245; further amendment proposed, to include the laws of all the States concerning Indian relations, 245; amendments adopted, and resolution agreed to,
Army of the United States, bill authorizing the President Hunt, Theodore, resolution calling for the reasons for the
to mount and equip ten companies of the, taken up, and ordered to a third reading, 272, 274. Attorney General, bill to reorganize the establishment of the, taken up, and postponed, 276, 277; again taken up, debated, and laid on the table, 322, 323, 824; again taken up, amended, and laid on the table, 404.
Baltimore and Ohio railroad bill, authorizing a subscription of stock in, taken up, 453; proposition to amend, and debates thereon, 453, 454, 455; bill laid on the table, 455.
Canals. (See Louisville and Portland) Carson, James, register of the land office at Palmyra, in Missouri, resolution calling for the reasons of his removal, taken up, 384; laid on the table, 385. Coins, resolution adopted to consider the state of the cur- rent, 1.
Congressional documents, resolution authorizing a sub- scription to a compilation of, taken up, 84. Controversies between States, bill to prescribe the mode of commencing, prosecuting, and deciding, taken up, 409; motion to postpone, 409.
Currency, resolution submitted to inquire into the expe- diency of establishing a uniform national, 3; adopted, and sundry papers on the subject refer- red to the committee, 3.
Deaf and Dumb, bill making donation for New York in- stitution for the education of the, taken up, 302; various amendments proposed to include similar institutions in other States, 302; amendments adopted, 304; further amendments proposed, ordered to be printed, and the bill to lie on the table, 305. Duties, taxes, &c., bill for the abolition of, notice given of its introduction, 172; leave given, and bill read the first time, 179; further considered, and bill withdrawn, 245.
Duties, bill to reduce the, on coffee, tea, and cocoa, from the House of Representatives, with amendments proposed by Committee on Finance, taken up, 428; amendments agreed to in part, and bill or- dered to a third reading, 428, 432.
Duties on imports, bill to exempt certain merchandise from the operation of the act of 1828, imposing, taken up, debated, and rejected, 452, 458.
Executive powers, notice given of a proposed motion to transfer the discussion on the subject of, from the executive to the legislative journal, 11; decided to be out of order, 11.
Fulton, Robert, resolution submitted and adopted, to in- quire into the expediency of granting a portion of the public lands to the heirs of, 21.
bill to recompense the heirs of, rejected on the third reading, 247.
removal of, from the office of recorder of land titles in Missouri, taken up, 367; debate thereon; 367 to 374; laid upon the table, 374. Impeachments. (See Peck, James H.) Indian tribes, bill for the relief of persons who have lost property by the depredations of, taken up, 11. agencies, bill authorising the President to divide, in certain cases, taken up, 128; ordered to a third reading, 129.
Indiana, bill to enable the President to extinguish the In- dian title within the State of, taken up, 16; de- bate thereon, and amendments proposed and adopted, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21; bill laid on the table, 21; again taken up, 284.
resolution calling for information respecting the progress of civilization among the, taken up, 42; amended and adopted, 43.
bill to provide for an exchange of lands with, and for their removal west of the Mississippi, taken up, and amendment proposed, 305; again taken up, and amendment withdrawn, 307; bill resumed, various amendments proposed, and debate thereon, 309 to 320, 324 to 339, 348 to 357, 359 to 367, 374 to 377, 380, 381, 382, 383; bill ordered to a third reading, 883; returned from the House of Representatives with amend- ments, 456; further amendments proposed and negatived, and the amendments of the House of Representatives concurred in, 456.
to certain States, bill for allowing for advances during the war, taken up, amended, and post poned, 1, 2.
improvement, bill making appropriations for ex- aminations and surveys, and for certain works of, taken up, 340; amendments proposed and adopt- ed, 340; further amendments proposed, and de- bate thereon, 340 to 343; bill ordered to a third reading, 343.
resolution proposing to limit the sales of the public, and of abolishing the office of surveyor general, taken up, 3; debate thereon, 4 to 7; postponed, 7; again taken up, 11; debate thereon, 11 to 16, 22 to 30; motion to amend, so as to hasten the sales, and extend more rapidly the surveys, 30; modifications of the amendment proposed, and debate thereon, 31 to 41; motion to postpone in- definitely, 41; debate thereon, 48 to 172; 179 to 220; 223 to 244; 247 to 272; 277 to 302; 485 to 452.
bill for the relief of the purchasers of the public, from the House of Representatives, with amend- ments, taken up, 274; further proposition to amend negatived, and the amendments of House of Representatives concurred in, 276.
the bill in relation to light-houses and harbors, for further consideration, 457. President of the Senate, casting vote of, 43.
Public documents. (See Congressional Documents.) Pursers in the navy, bill regulating the duties of, and pro- viding for their compensation, taken up, 305; amended, and ordered to a third reading, 306,
Reed, Mr., of Mississippi, his death announced, and pro- ceedings thereon, 1.
Removals from office. (See Carson, James, and Hunt, Theodore.)tion be
resolutions submitted, calling for the number of, the names of officers, and the reasons for their removal, 385; postponed indefinitely, 396. ரம் Mr., of Maryland, elected President pro tempore of the Senate, 456.
debate thereon and reso-ed and proceedings thereon, 357. lutions. agreed to, 221, 222, 223. South Carolina railroad company, petition of, asking a Massachusetts, bill to authorize the payment of the claim to a subscription to the stock, presented and referred, of, for militia services, introduced, 9; taken up, eir bus an aviat 357; ordered to a third reading, 359. hul Surgeon General of the navy, bill creating the office of, Meredith, Mr. appears as counsel for Judge Peck, 456. 40 bal taken up, amended, and ordered to a third read- Mileage to members of Congress, bill to establish an uni- ing, 321, 322. 30 da Is a form rule for the computation of, taken up, 10; Tea, coffee, &c. (See Duties.) hendtasch referred to select committee, 11. Virginia State line in the war of the revolution, bill for the Military peace establishment, bill to reduce and fix the, no bind relief of the officers and soldiers of the, taken up, ob taken up, 2; motion to strike out the preamble, 421; amended, and ordered to a third reading, 423. bas brand debate thereon, 2, 3; motion negatived, and Washington turnpike road company, bill authorizing a sub- data bill laid on the table, 3. balqaba allscription of stock in, taken up and postponed, 7: d to again taken up, and ordered to a third reading, 388427; returned by the President of the United ad States, with his objections, 456; reconsidered and rejected, 456. Wirt, Mr., appears as counsel for Judge Peck, 432. Yeas and nays on third reading bill to compensate the Boston heirs of Robert Fulton, 247.
Mounted infantry. (See Army.) plus New York, memorial from citizens of, asking protection for the Indians, presented, 7; debate on the print laid on 169, 24e table, 8. Order, points of, decided, 11, 31, 169, 245. Patent Office, bill for the further regulation of, taken up, 877; debate on proposed amendments, 377 to og 380; bill laid on the table, 380. Peck, James H., impeachment of, by a committee of the House of Representatives, 383; proceedings 83893 thereon, 383, 384; committee appointed to con- o sider and report upon the matter, 384; report ofte bate committee, 385; message from the House notifi- bag being the appointment of managers to conduct the Yo impeachment, 405; order of arrangement adopt-08 ed, 405; articles of impeachment read, 411; sum-ion of mons issued for the appearance of, to answer,
418; summons returned, appearance of, and an- swer, 432; trial postponed, 432; trial resumed, 2 vol 455 postponed till next session of Congress, 400 456, Pensions laws, bill explanatory of the acts in relation to, abas taken up, 396; debate thereon, 396 to 404; again ids a taken up, and indefinitely postponed, 405. Pre-emption rights, bill to grant, taken up, 8; postponed, olding 9 taken up, and motion to recommit negatived, Java 11; bill passed, 11. idea to bo President of the United States, annual message of, com- I off municated, 1.b. eing odt message from, returning, with his objections, the 03 bill authorizing a subscription to the stock of the dab Washington turnpike road company, 456.
detains the Louisville and Portland canal bill, and of erreri of bad debt,vfodaftel
on laying on table bill authorizing a subscription to ranath the stock of the Baltimore and Ohio railroad company, 455. 40 ad to noltrag
on passing same, after being returned by the Presi- odio dent, with his objections, 456. og svitusoxt it do too idea but no noisosib edi tams side of s. 1).
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