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23d CONG. 1st SESS.]

Documents accompanying the President's Message.

they can be held in check only by a similar force, and by issued all the subsistence required. The continued failits occasional display among them. Almost every year ures that took place, and frequently in the most critical has witnessed some outrage committed by them upon our state of affairs, the controversies arising out of the percitizens, and as many of the Indian tribes from the coun-petual attempts to issue unsound provisions, and the setry this side of the Mississippi have removed and are re-rious obstacle which these and the other operations of moving to that region, we may anticipate their exposure the system interposed to the public service, must be fresh to these predatory incursions unless vigorous measures in the recollection of every military man who participated are adopted to repel them. We owe protection to the in the events of those periods. The army is now well emigrants, and it has been solemnly promised to them. and promptly supplied, and the faithful officer at the head And this duty can only be fulfilled by repressing and of the subsistence department has established a system of punishing every attempt to disturb the general tranquil. purchasing, of issuing, and of responsibility, which, while lity. Policy and humanity equally dictate this course, it insures this result, guards the public interest against and there is reason to hope that the display of this force loss and imposition, so far as a business necessarily so exwill itself render unnecessary its hostile employment. tended permits. During the fifteen years in which this The more barbarous tribes will perceive that their own department has been in operation, more than five millions safety is closely connected with the permanent establish- and a half of dollars have been expended under its direcment of pacific relations, both with the United States and tion, and the whole loss which has been incurred by the with the other Indians. defalcations of its officers, does not amount to sixteen thousand dollars.

It is due to the regiment of dragoons to remark that its composition is believed to be good, and I anticipate it will do honor to the army, and render effectual service to the country.

I feel it a duty once more to ask your favorable interposition in behalf of the medical corps. There is no portion of the army whose compensation is so utterly inadequate to their services. The pay of the highest grade but little exceeds that of a captain, and the pay of the lowest that of a first lieutenant; and these two grades constitute the whole range of service within the reach of medical officers. In the line of the army, and most of the staff departments, there are successive gradations of rank, each with increased emolument, to stimulate the exertions and to reward the services of the officers. The importance of professional skill and talent in the medical corps will not be doubted; and the dispersed condition of our army in time of peace, and its exposure to the effects of various climates, render the conservation of its health an object of much solicitude; and, in time of war, this solicitude will be increased by the perils of active service.

In order to place in a proper condition this branch of our military establishment, a system of examination has been recently instituted, by which the pretensions of medical gentlemen, seeking appointments in the army, will be subjected to rigid scrutiny. A board, composed of able and experienced surgeons, has been organized, and the various members of the department have been examined by them. The result has already been highly useful, and cannot fail to be so for the future. But, while the standard of professional acquirements is thus increased, justice demands that the rate of compensation should be examined, and that it should be rendered commensurate with the duties and responsibility of this most useful class of officers. It is not to be expected that the medical corps can retain the able men who now compose it, or see others join it, unless their services are adequately rewarded.

The act organizing the subsistence department expires, by its own limitation, on the 2d day of March next. It was originally passed in 1818, and has been continued by successive temporary acts, till the present time. The reason of this course of legislation is undoubtedly to be found in the fact that the introduction of the system was an experiment, and it was deemed prudent to test its operations before a permanent character was given to it. This bas been fully done, and the result is, in every point of view, satisfactory. All who were acquainted with the mode of supplying the army previously to, and during the late war, and for a few years after its termination, must be sensible of the superiority of the present plan. In the quality of the provisions, in the certainty of the supply, and in the economy of administration, its operation is decidedly superior to the old system, where contractors furnished and

I consider that the time has arrived when the present arrangement should be rendered permanent, and I therefore present the subject with that view to your notice. And I also beg leave to suggest that the compensation to the clerks in the office should be increased. It is now lower than the average amount allowed in the other public offices, and less than is due to their labor and responsibility.

The report of the visiters appointed to examine the M litary Academy shows that the institution is in a prosperous condition, and is fulfilling the duties committed to it, in the education of the young men destined for the military service of the country. The suggestions made by the visiters for the improvement of this national school, are the result of a careful examination, and, coming as they do from a body of able and impartial citizens, are entitled to much consideration. They appear to me just in themselves, and promising, in the event of their adoption, salutary consequences to the institution.

There is one subject which I feel particularly desirous of placing before you. The situation of teacher of draw. ing corresponds neither with the nature and importance of the duties required of that officer, nor with the professional merit of the distinguished artist who has relinquished the fair prospects held out to him in a foreign country to accept it. The art itself is highly important to military men, and its acquisition is essential to a respectable standing at the academy. It is very desirable that the instructer should unite in his person those high qualifications, natural and acquired, which have in all ages been the lot of those who have attained eminence in the art, and which have placed it among those pursuits that are at once the cause and the effect of advanced improvement in society. I respectfully recommend that this officer be placed in the same situation as the professors at the academy, and I cannot but believe that such a measure would not only be just in itself, but would be a proper tribute of respect to the liberal arts, and a proper notice of one whose professional talents and success have been honorable to his country.

I have had the honor heretofore to submit to your consideration my views in relation to brevet commissions in the army, and I am induced, as an act of justice to those entitled to them, again to present the subject. If no new legislation is contemplated, nor any action of the Senate, which shall change the principle or practice heretofore prevalent, no objections occur to me to delay, any longer, these promotions. The officers have earned them by length of service, agreeably to the established usage; and to make a discrimination without any previous declaration, so as to exclude from this advantage those who are at this time entitled to it, does not seem called for by the exigency of any circumstance connected with this subject. And, in fact, there are no very obvious reasons

Documents accompanying the President's Message.

[23d CONG. 1st SESS.

It is believed that the means which may be realized agreeably to this suggestion would be found sufficient to provide for the maintenance of this class of persons, whose condition is now so hopeless, and so unsuited to the character of the Government and the feelings of the community.

The experience of every year adds to the conviction that the sooner the Indians remaining east of the Missis. sippi migrate to the region west of that river, the sooner will they be relieved from the embarrassments of their present position, and placed in a situation where they may physically and morally improve, and look forward to a prosperous and permanent destiny. All the reports which reach the Department upon this subject, concur in the representation that the emigrants already there are comfortable and contented; that the region assigned to them is fertile, salubrious, and as extensive as they and their descendants, for many generations, can require. They are making improvements and erecting dwellings, and are evidently laying the foundations of a social system which, it is to be hoped, will afford them security and prosperity. As a striking proof of their improvement, and of the quantity of provisions raised among them, it may be stated that one of the contracts for furnishing provisions has been taken by a Choctaw, who is said to have a supply of his own amply sufficient to enable him to meet his engagement. It is fortunate for the Indians themselves, and for the great cause of humanity, that the efforts of the Government to persuade them peaceably and voluntarily to remove, are every year crowned with more and more success. Since the last annual report from this Department, the conditional arrangement made by the Seminoles for their emigration has been rendered absolute by a personal inspection of the country proposed for their residence. They have examined and are satisfied with it; and if the treaty should be ratified by the Senate, they will soon leave the Territory of Florida. An arrangement has also been made with the separate bands in that Territory by which they have agreed to emigrate; and thus provision has been made for the removal of the whole Indian population from Florida.

occurring to me, why these professional honors, which, in common cases, make no demand upon the Treasury, but serve to foster those professional feelings which give elevation to the military character, should not be granted, as they have heretofore been. Under ordinary circumstances they will produce no practical operation, either with relation to emolument or command. When they should do either, it would be precisely when their value would be enhanced by the very state of things producing this change in their operation; when the greater experience of the brevet officer would entitle him to an enlarged command, and to a corresponding rank over those, whether in the regular army or the militia, whose qualifications, so far as these depend upon service, are less than bis. The attention of the army has been frequently drawn to a project for the establishment of a fund for the support of invalid officers, and of the widows and children of such as may die in the service. The object is a com. mendable one, and, as the only aid expected of the Goverament is such legislative provision as may be necessary to give effect to the measure, in conformity with the general views of the officers of the army, it is certainly entitled to the favorable regard of the Government. A moderate and stated deduction from the pay of each officer would create a fund which would afford essential relief to many who otherwise would be exposed to want and penury, and might soothe the declining years of meritorious officers who may have necessarily expended in the maintenance of their families the whole allowance made to them by law, and who, without such an arrangement, would look forward with anxiety for the future. Whatever plan may be ultimately adopted, a legal organization is essential to its operation and success. And as the funds will be provided by the officers themselves, and for their own advantage, the administration will no doubt be committed to them, to be exercised by such persons and in such manner as they may direct. The consi lerations connected with this measure are so obviously just, and in accordance with the dictates of prudence and humanity, that I trust they will be favorably considered. And I also feel it my duty to bring before you a kindred The treaty with the Chickasaws has terminated all difsubject connected with the rank and file of the army, and ficulties with that tribe. It is understood that the exhaving for its object a provision for the support of super-ploring party provided for in that instrument are about to annuated soldiers. In our service, as at present organized, commence their journey with a view to select a residence a soldier can only be retained as long as his physical pow-west of the Mississippi. If they succeed, they will reers are sufficient to enable him to perform the duties required of him. When his constitution fails, unless it is the result of disability incurred in the line of his duty,' be is discharged without any provision for his support, and, generally, from the habits of his life, without the disposition and too often the power to labor, and without the means of support. He is then thrown upon the charity of the community, after devoting the best of his life to the service of his country.

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This result may be easily obviated without expense to the Government, and an ample provision made for those discharged soldiers who are unable to procure the means of support. The principle which has been long and wisely applied to the navy may be safely applied to the army. An inconsiderable deduction from the pay of each soldier would go far towards the creat on of a fund for this purpose; and if this deduction were to commence with those who might enlist after the passage of the law, there could be no objections on account of the previous engagements formed with the soldiers. And there are three auxiliary sources of revenue which may be applied towards the former object, These are

Fines assessed by courts martial;

The pay due to soldiers who may die without leaving any heirs to claim it;

A proportion of the post fund, which is principally derived from a tax upon sutlers. VOL. X-B

move within the period limited; if they do not, and choose to remain, they will become, with their own consent, citizens of Mississippi, and will occupy, as absolute owners, the several tracts of land assigned to them.

The obligations assumed by the United States in the treaty with the Choctaws, for the removal of those Indians, have been fulfilled. From the reports which have been made to the Department, it appears that about fifteen thousand individuals of this tribe bave been removed. A party, estimated to contain from fifteen hundred to three thousand persons, have changed their usual place of residence in Alabama, and have declined accompanying other Indians in their emigration. It is believed that this party is composed principally of the worst portion of the tribe, and that they intend to hang upon the white settlements, in order to indulge the vicious habits they have acquired. As the Government has scrupulously fulfilled its engagements with these people, which terminate with this year, and as every exertion has been made by the proper agents to induce them to remove, nothing remains but to leave them to the results of their own experience. It cannot be long before they will feel the necessity of rejoining the great body of the tribe.

Satisfied as you have been, that the very existence of the Creeks in Alabama required their establishment in the country west of the Mississippi, where so many of their tribe already reside, you bave not besitated to em,

23d CONG. 1st SESS.]

Documents accompanying the President's Message.

brace every opportunity which offered of accomplishing this object. Instructions have been three times given to ascertain their views, and to endeavor to persuade them to acquiesce in this course. The two first attempts proved unsuccessful: the result of the last is unknown. Independent of the general reasons arising out of our Indian relations, which operated to induce these efforts, the peculiar state of things among these Indians, and a strong desire to remove the difficulties connected with them, had much influence in directing the negotiations.

United States, and for the establishment of some general principles by which their own internal government can be safely administered by themselves, and a general superintending authority exercised by the United States, so far as may be necessary to restrain hostilities among them and incursions into our borders. Until such a system is adopted, it is evident that the condition of these In. dians cannot be secure, nor will the obligation imposed upon the Government be fulfilled. The task requires an intimate knowledge of the local circumstances of the re-tribes of that region, and of the country they inhabit, and a practical acquaintance with Indian habits, feelings, and mode of life. I trust the commissioners will be able to report a plan which will fulfil the expectation of those who have observed, with solicitude, the course of this matter, and which will eventually secure the prosperity of the Indians. As it is probable, however, that this cannot be effected within the time limited for the duties of the commissioners, I would respectfully suggest the propriety of their term of service being prolonged until the close of the next year.

The Sacs and Foxes have quietly removed to the gion assigned to them, and the Winnebagoes have left the country upon Rock river, agreeably to the stipulations of the treaty with them, and retired across the Mississippi, to their lands north of the Ouisconsin.

Treaties have been formed with the Pottawatamies, Chippewas, and Ottawas, claiming the district on the west side of Lake Michigan, south of Green Bay, and north of Chicago, for its cession to the United States, and with the Pottawatamies of the peninsula of Michigan for the relinquishment of their reservation south of Grand river.

It is creditable to the industry and efficiency of the Pension office that such a mass of business should have been performed within the period which has elapsed since the passage of the above law.

There have been presented for allowance, under the With the exception, therefore, of the Miamies, in the pension act of June 7, 1832, thirty thousand six hundred State of Indiana, of a band of the Wyandots, at Upper claims. The whole of these have been examined, and Sandusky, in Ohio, and of scattered portions of the Ot- either admitted, rejected, or returned to the parties for tawas and Chippewas, in the peninsula of Michigan, north supplementary action. Twenty-three thousand four bunof Grand river, and of Saginaw bay, probably not exceed dred and thirty-eight certificates have been issued, eleven ing, altogether, five thousand individuals, the whole coun- hundred and eleven claims have been rejected, three huntry north of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, includ-dred returned cases are in the office, awaiting or undering the States of Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, and the Ter-going re-examination, thirteen hundred and fifty-one, which ritory of Michigan as far as the Fox and Ouisconsin rivers, are incomplete in their proofs, are suspended till these are has been cleared of the embarrassments of Indian relations; furnished, and four thousand four hundred and twentyand the Indianst hemselves have either already emigrated, five are in the hands of the parties for additional evidence or have stipulated to do so within limited periods, and or authentication, or in transitu between them and the upon such terms as will ensure them adequate subsis. office. tence and the means of establishing themselves comfortably in their new residence, unless, indeed, the aid and efforts of the Government are rendered useless by their habitual indolence and improvidence. The Cherokees occupying portions of land in Georgia, Alabama, North Carolina, and Tennessee, and probably not exceeding eleven thousand persons, are the only Indians south of the Ohio and east of the Mississippi, with whom an arrangement has not been made, either for emigration or for a change of political relations. It is to be regretted that REPORT OF THE MAJOR GENERAL OF THE the same causes which have heretofore prevented an adjustment of the difficulties of that tribe, and their removal west, yet continue to defeat the efforts of the Govern ment. These causes are, no doubt, principally to be traced to the ascendency of particular individuals, and to their desire to retain political influence and power. It is expected that about five hundred of these Indians will remove west this season, and the residue of the Cherokees then remaining east of the Mississippi will be, agreeably to previous computations, about ten thousand five hundred.

The commissioners west of the Mississippi are engaged in the execution of the duties connected with our Indian relations in that quarter. They have succeeded in arranging, satisfactorily, the disputed question of boundaries between the Creeks and Cherokees, which has, for some time, occasioned much embarrassment. They have also formed treaties with the Creeks, the Cherokees, the Senecas, and Shawanese, the Quapaws, and the Seminoles, of Florida, by which all matters connected with these tribes have been satisfactorily adjusted. Their labors will be now directed to the other subjects indicated in their instructions, and which are important to a permanent arrangement of the various questions arising out of the new state of things which will be created in that region. Among these, one of the most interesting is a practical plan for regulating the intercourse of the various tribes, indigenous and emigrant, with one another, and with the

I have the honor to be,
Very respectfully, sir,

Your obedient servant,
LEWIS CASS.

ARMY.

HEAD QUARTERS OF THE ARMY,

Washington, November 23, 1833.

SIR: Since my last annual report on the state of the army, nothing meterial has occurred in the movements of the troops worthy of particular notice. The discipline of the several corps continues to be maintained with regularity, and there is every reason to believe that they are in a condition for active service.

The battalion of mounted rangers has been discharged, in conformity with your instructions, and the regiment of dragoons, authorized by the act of the 2d of March, 1833, in lieu of that battalion, has been partially raised. Five companies of it are mounted, and have been ordered to Fort Gibson under Colonel Dodge, to be in readiness to accompany the commissioners in the ensuing season, en their contemplated visit to the Indian country. The remaining five companies are being raised. The lateness of the selections and appointments of the captains and other officers, from the mounted rangers, has been the cause of the delay in filling the regiment: but there is every prospect that, before the end of the year, the regi ment will be completed to its establishment.

The results expected to be produced by the operation of the act of the 2d of March of the last session of Congress, "for the improvement of the condition of the noncommissioned officers and privates of the army, and for

Documents accompanying the President's Message.

the prevention of desertion," so far as they can be ascertained, are decidedly favorable and satisfactory. The men who now offer to enlist, are found to be of a more respectable class, and the number of enlistments does not diminish. In regard to desertions, there are strong indications of the salutary operations of the law, as the average number of men who have deserted, for a given period since the passage of the bill is, by a comparison with the number of desertions for corresponding periods in the three years preceding, one-third less. A further proof of the beneficial influence of the law on the rank and file of the army is found in the fact that soldiers who have honorably completed their term of service, now more readily re-enlist, which is considered a decided advantage to the public, both as it regards economy in the expenditure for the military service, and in reference to the efficiency of the army.

In compliance with your instructions, I here with furnish the following statements and returns:

1st. A statement showing the organization of the army, marked A.

2. A return of the actual state of the army, marked B. 3d. A return exhibiting the strength of the Eastern Department, designating the posts and garrisons, marked C.

4th. A return exhibiting the strength of the Western Department, designating the posts and garrisons, marked D.

5th. A statement showing the number of recruits enlisted in the army from the 1st of January to the 30th of September, 1833, marked E.

6th. An estimate of the funds required for the recruiting service for the year 1834, marked F.

7th. An estimate of the contingent expenses of the head-quarters of the army, including those of the office of the Adjutant General, for the year 1834, marked G. I have the honor to be, sir, your most obedient servant, ALEXANDER MACOMB, Major General commanding the Army. Honorable LEWIS CASS, Secretary of War.

[23d CONG. 1st Sess.

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Total accounted for,
Leaving a balance to be accounted for of $84,286 48

The accounts of six officers remain to be received, which will reduce this balance $10,629. The remainder is distributed among more than fifty officers at the various

REPORT OF THE QUARTERMASTER GENERAL. posts in the Union, and is applicable to the service of the

QUARTERMASTER GENERAL's Office,

Washington City, November 27, 1833. SIR: In obedience to your order, I have the honor to report the operations of this department for the first, second, and third quarters of the present year; in addition to which I include that portion of 1832 not embraced in my last annual report.

The balance remaining to be accounted for by the several officers of the department, at the date of that report, amounted to To which is to be added:

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present quarter, and it is confidently believed that the whole of it will be applied to the proper objects, and accounted for at the close of the quarter.

istration of the department is promptly accounted for by The large amount of public property under the adminthe officers who receive it, as well of the department as of the several corps of the army.

The balance remaining in the Treasury of the appropriation for the Quartermaster's department proper, with the sums due to it for expenditures on account of other branches of service, will be fully sufficient for all demands $87,230 14 against it for the remainder of the year; but it is apprehended there will be an arrearage on account of the appropriation for the transportation of the army, and also on account of that for the travelling allowance of officers.

Of the public works under the direction of the department, the military road in the State of Maine, which has been in a course of construction for several years, is now completed, and is represented by the officer charged with its superintendence, to be of a superior character. necting as it does the sources of the Atlantic with an interior post on a distant frontier, it may be justly considered a work of importance, at least in its military relations.

Con

The road from Fort Howard, Green Bay, to Fort Crawford, on the Mississippi river, has been surveyed and located during the present season. This is an important military communication, intended to connect three of the exterior posts on the Northwestern frontier. To com$1,141,953 71plete the work, a further appropriation will be necessary.

23d CONG. 1st SESS.]

Documents accompanying the President's Message.

The Washington and Jackson road, in the Territory of Arkansas, has been extended as far as the limited appro priation made at the last session of Congress for the purpose would warrant; but the road being a highly important communication, connecting the centre of the Territory with its frontier on the Red river, it should be put in a state to be used at all seasons of the year, for which purpose a further appropriation is required.

The road from Pensacola to Tallahassee, and thence to St. Augustine, in Florida, has been partially repaired; but the appropriations have been found altogether insufficient. Uniting as it does the posts on an important frontier, it should be kept at all times in good repair. I consider the small sums which have been appropriated for some years past, from their inadequacy, as money wasted. To put the road in good repair, a liberal appropriation is required.

That portion of the road from Memphis, Tennessee, to Little Rock, Arkansas, lying between the latter place and Saint Francis river, has been in a course of repair in pur. suance of the appropriation made for that object.

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One hundred and fifty-four thousand four hundred and fifty-nine tons of stone were deposited during the past season, and if we had had money to pay for it, one hundred and fifty thousand tons more might readily have been deposited, with but little increase of the contingent expenses of the work.

eighty thousand dollars, because there is no longer any I have increased the estimate for the ensuing year doubt of the great advantage of the work to the com

Measures were taken early in the year to procure a suitable site for the barracks authorized in the vicinity of New Orleans, but the malignant diseases which have prevailed there throughout the season have occasioned much delay, and prevented any conclusive arrangement being made. The officer charged with the negotiation has, how-merce of the country. Twenty thousand dollars of that ever, been instructed to close with one of the several propositions made; and an experienced officer is on his way to New Orleans, with instructions to adopt immediate and energetic measures to accomplish the work; and unless the diseases which have proved so destructive should continue through the winter, it is believed that accommodations for two companies, at least, may be ready by the first of June.

Arrangements have been made for repairing the bar. racks and building a hospital at Baton Rouge, but a further appropriation will be necessary to accomplish the

work in a suitable manner.

A site has been obtained for the barracks authorized to be erected in the city of Savannah, and the officer charg. ed with the superintendence has obtained a part of the materials, and has commenced the work. To complete it properly, a further appropriation is required.

The barracks at Fort Crawford, owing to the interruption of operations by the presence of the cholera, and causes connected with our Indian relations in that vicinity, have not yet been completed. They are, however, in progress, and the work will be prosecuted as steadily as circumstances will permit.

Nor has it been practicable to complete the barracks at Fort Howard, Green Bay. They are also in progress, but another season and an additional appropriation will be required to complete them.

The storehouse authorized to be erected in Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, has been completed in accordance with the appropriation for that object, and the necessary repairs have been bestowed on the wharf at Fort Washington, Maryland.

sum is for a permanent light-house, to be placed on the western extremity of the breakwater. It is required even now to point out the entrance into the barbor during the night, and it can be constructed at less expense while the operations upon the breakwater are in progress, than after they shall have terminated. If adequate appropriations be made, the work may be entirely finished in the

year 1835.

The claim for furniture for their quarters has been
preferred from time to time by a portion of the officers
of the army; but as such an allowance has never been au-
thorized in the land service, either by law or regulation,
I have not considered it proper to present an estimate
for the funds required to provide it, but I consider it to
be my duty to submit the subject for your consideration;
and I respectfully recommend, should you approve of the
measure, that the attention of Congress be invited to it,
and that an appropriation be asked for, at least sufficient
to furnish the quarters of officers below the rank of
brigadier general, stationed at permanent posts. Furni
and at the raval stations on shore. The officers of the
ture is furnished for naval officers when serving at sea,
army think they have an equal claim to it, for they can-
not perceive that that which is right in relation to one
service, can be wrong in relation to the other.
I have the honor to be, sir, your obedient servant,
TH. S. JESUP,
Quartermaster General.

The honorable LEWIS CASS,
Secretary of War.

ENGINEER DEPARTMENT,

In regard to the Delaware breakwater, the experiment REPORT FROM THE ENGINEER DEPARTMENT, has now been fairly made. That work already affords a good harbor for the vessels engaged in transporting the materials used in its construction, as well as for such vessels engaged in commerce as take shelter under it in time

of storm.

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Washington, November 23, 1833. SIR: In accordance with your instructions, I have the honor to submit the following report of the operations of this department during the year ending the 30th Septem$2,216,950 ber last. It presents a general view of the state of the works under the direction of the department at that date, 1,160,000 and is accompanied by statements marked A, B, and C : the two first relate to its fiscal concerns, and the last exhibits the works projected by the Board of Engineers, $1,056,950 which have not been commenced, and an estimate of their cost.

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