wearisome; that the ethical and political portions of the old writers were taught, to the exclusion of Latin and its elegances; that a contempt for logic prevailed, and that its true use was not taught, but metaphysics and real knowledge confused together.

Special institutions connected with the University.

The theological "Stipendium" or foundation, during the present period, became a prosperous and important institution. Its purposes were especially promoted by Duke Christopher's organization of many of the sequestered convents into preparatory schools for theological study. These schools received boys of fourteen or fifteen years old, and taught them for three years, when if fitted they entered the Stipendium at Tübingen. In these schools there were two teachers, one for the study of the Scriptures, and the other for rhetoric and dialectics. Especial attention was paid to Greek and Hebrew.

The theological foundation was reorganized in 1557, with some changes. With it were also connected the foundation of Michael Tyffernus, for four sons of poor and pious parents, whether natives of Wirtemberg or not, desiring to study theology in Tübingen, and that of Count George von Mömpelgard for ten beneficiaries from Mömpelgard, Reichenweiher and Horburg. Among the students of the theological foundation at this period, were Egidius Hunnius, the Wittenberg theologian, and Johann Kepler, the astronomer.

Much disorder and rebellious conduct prevailed at various times among the students on the foundation; but the Thirty Years' War, by crippling its income, cured all these difficulties by almost extinguishing the Stipendium itself. As prosperity returned, however, after 1648, the disorders came back with it.

An organization intended by Duke Christopher to do for the State nearly what the Stipendium was to do for the church, was the Collegium illustre, established by him in 1559, to educate sons of Wirtemberg noblemen from their ninth to fifteenth year, appropriating 20 florins a year to each. If hopeful pupils, they were then to receive 40 florins a year until the age of twenty, as students in the university, with free lodgings; and then ten of the best each year received 100 florins a year for three or four years to be expended in traveling for their improvement. They were bound to enter the duke's service if required, and he was to select his councillors and high officers from among them.

But Duke Christopher's son and successor, Duke Ludwig, entirely broke up this scheme, and transformed the Collegium Illustre into a mere independent, aristocratic school of proud, idle and debauched

young noblemen, as well from Wirtemberg, as elsewhere, who instead of the regular university course, pretended to debate questions of polity, finance, economy and government, but were ringleaders in all the iniquities of the students, and a pest to the university. Both the instructors and pupils were quite independent of the university jurisdiction; a sufficiently ill-judged arrangement. The greatest prosperity of the Collegium Illustre, was at the beginning of the seventeenth century. In 1599, its students included eleven princes and sixty noblemen; in 1606, nine princes, five counts, and fifty-one other nobles. In all, thirty-six reigning princes pursued their studies there. The Thirty Years' War rendered it necessary to close the Collegium, which was afterward re-opened, but never regained its former prosperity.

Besides these two ducal foundations there were various private endowments, for furnishing lodging and board to their beneficiaries. Such was the Martinianum, founded in 1514, by Martin Plantsch, theological professor, and George Hartsesser, dean in Stuttgard, to supply eighteen students with board and lodging, in a house occupied for the purpose. It was for poor young men of good talents and character. During the sixteenth century were founded various family endowments, for some seven or eight additional students to be accommodated in the Martinianum; namely, the Farner, Lemp, Gockel, Mendlin, Vogler and Pfluger foundations; and in the following century, those of Laubmaier, Drach, Hallberger, Dempsel, and Ziegler. The most important gift of this kind, was that of Criminal Procurator J. M. Fickler, of 9,000 florins, invested to support nine beneficiaries of the founder's family, in a separate house.

The Hochmannianum, founded in 1603 by J. Hochmann, professor of canon law, was another similar foundation. Another, and a quite important establishment, was the endowment of professor Gremp von Freudenstein, established by his sons-in-law after his death in pursuance of his wishes (he left no sons); for the descendants of himself, his brother Dionysius Gremp, and his cousin, Hans Conrad Gremp, councillor to the Margrave of Baden. This was endowed with 20,000 florins, and was to educate the beneficiaries in all desirable studies, up to their twenty-fourth year. A foundation library was also provided for. The allotments from this fund were, at first, fixed at 60 florins a year, from 10 to 16 years; during the philosophical course at Tübingen 70 florins, in the other courses 80 florins., and at other universities 120 florins. This endowment grew important in the course of time, and some of the families entitled becoming extinct, and others remaining small, the capital, notwithstanding losses in war, in 1823, was 175,000 florins, and in 1849, 230,000 florins;

from which each member of the families of Gremp von Freudenstein and Leutrum-Ertingen is entitled to receive during a course of education of eighteen years, 9,600 florins.

The sum set apart to increase the Gremp Library was fixed, in 1804, at 200 florins annually. The books may be used by the foundationers, by the university instructors, and, on permission of the administrator, by others also.

Morals and Manners, Reformation to Thirty Years' War.

The condition of morals and manners at the university during this period, was almost inconceivably debauched and brutal. Street fights between students and citizens, with stones, swords, halberds and lances, the most excessive orgies of drunkenness, organized rebellions by the students, murders, stabbings, the grossest licentiousness, befoul the pages of the university history to an inconceivable degree. Dueling however seems to have been scarcely practiced until after the Thirty Years' War. Too many of the professors were involved in similar vices. They did not mingle in the students' drunken-bouts, street fights and nocturnal riots, but were sometimes almost openly licentious, very commonly addicted to the excessive use of wine, and often permitted the most disgraceful disorders to creep into their own families, invoking the aid of the senate to constrain a scolding wife, or a rebellious child, or to enforce reparation for the lost honor of a daughter.

A corresponding looseness and extravagance naturally prevailed in eating, and in dress; on which subjects frequent regulations were made, but to little purpose. Wine was remarkably cheap at Tübingen, but every thing else very dear; so that a student's total expenses seem to have been, for instance, quite double what they were at Marburg.

Some traces of the organizations called "Nations" and "Landsmannschaften" appear, but no details. The practice of pennalism seems not to have been so extremely abused here, as at most other universities.

The first actual contact of the university with the Thirty Years' War, was in May, 1631, when a report was brought in that six hundred musketeers were on the march to rob the convent. There was great fright, money and jewels were hidden, and the university plate sent to the syndic's house; but the alarm proved false. But during the July then following, a detachment of the imperial army was quartered in Tübingen, and from that time until the peace of Westphalia, the university was oppressed with unrelenting extortions in the name of contributions, both by Swedes and imperialists, chiefly the

latter, however, who squeezed the unfortunate institution with a special delight on account of its notorious and rampant and not very tolerant advocacy of a stiff Protestantism. Important portions of its estates were also sequestered, it was forced to admit a Catholic to the deanship of St. George, and was plagued with public discussions by Jesuits, who strove zealously, under imperialist protection, to reëstablish Catholicism in the "Lutheran Spain." These impositions almost destroyed the university, and almost starved its instructors, who lost either most or all of their incomes for the time being.

III. FROM 1652 TO THE ACCESSION OF DUKE CHARLES, 1737.
Literary Condition.

The Thirty Years' War inflicted great injury upon the university. Sickness and trouble destroyed many of the professors, fourteen dying from 1634 to 1638. The number of students decreased proportionally, the young men being employed in military service, and those who grew up in their places not acquiring any taste for literature; so that it was not necessary to fill the vacant chairs. The professors who remained were impoverished by the excessive contributions levied, and their means of pursuing their studies thus lessened. Many of them had also become corrupt in morals; for at the first visitation after the war, we find complaint made that the professors were in the habit of spending whole nights in the "university house," or at the beadle's, gaming, drinking, and rioting.

The university seemed in danger of entire ruin; but not only survived, but rose to increased eminence. Duke Eberhard III., and his councilor, Nicolaus Myler von Ebrenbach, were efficient patrons of it, and gradually its vacant professorships were filled, the salaries newly regulated, and the different foundations reorganized.

Theology was during this period, as well as the previous one, a science of controversy; and proficiency in it was measured not so much by profound investigation and broad comprehension, as by skill in polemics. Among the most eminent of the Tübingen theologians during this period were, Tobias Wagner and J. A. Osiander; as well as Wölflin, Häberlin, Raith, Keller, and Foertsch. Of these, Wagner held the place of professor controversiarum; and it was his duty to go through all the current points in controversy, and after stating the opposite arguments, to give a written decision of them.

In 1700, the theological studies were laid out on the following plan the professor controversiarum was every year to refute some one class of adversaries; the professor theologia thetica, to go at least once a year through the compendium of theology (that of J. W.

Jäger, was then in use), and examine his auditors upon its contents; the dean was to read each year upon one of the books of the Old Testament; the professor of the New Testament, each year on one at least of the Gospels, some practical lectures (collegia practica) were also to be given, to instruct the students in an edifying style of preaching, and in an easy mode of catechising. Professor of morals Hochstetter, and magister domus Hiller, were to have charge of this department, and to lecture on any Saturday's when the ordinary professor was prevented by preaching or confession.

The inaugural oration of the chancellor C. M. Pfaff, in 1720, affords a view of the general character of theological studies in the first quarter of the eighteenth century. He complains bitterly that the theological students busy themselves exclusively with the breadearning part of their studies, without acquiring any sufficient preparation in philosophy and philology, and without any deep practical knowledge of divine truth; and that the consequence is a dry and unedifying character of pulpit speaking, a purely theoretic theology, and the entire devotion of their zeal and energy to the persecution of those who vary in the least from the precise standard of orthodoxy, with the view of proving them hetrodox or heretic, indifferentist or syncretist, when they scarcely know themselves what indifferentism and syncretism are.

Besides the theologians above named, should also be mentioned J. C. Pfaff, father of the chancellor, J. W. Frommann, G. Hoffmann, and C. E. Weismann. Chancellor Pfaff was the most eminent of them, and had a European reputation.

The predominance and character of the theological studies of this period threw the philosophical faculty quite into the background. Its studies were regarded as little more than preparatory to the theological course. Very many studies which should supply the various parts of a general liberal culture, such as philology, history, ethics, languages, mathematics, &c., were, for the most part, carelessly or superficially taught and studied.

But the faculty, richest in distinguished teachers during this period, was the juridical. The most eminent of these was Wolfgang Adam Lauterbach, one of the greatest jurists of his time, a favorite instructor, and the author of the "Collegium Pandectarum," published after his death, and long in great repute. Others were Erich Mauritius, F. C. Harpprecht, Schweder, Scheffern, and Schöpff.

The high reputation of the Tübingen jurists however occasioned them to be so much occupied in consultations and drafting opinions on questions of legal practice, that their lectures were negligently