between twenty and thirty feet long. In 1785 it was rebuilt; and in 1800, rooms were set apart for observations, and for a lodging for the astronomical professor. Under Bohnenberger, the collection of instruments was enlarged, as much as the small means accessible permitted. In 1845 it was much increased by the purchase of a large refractor from Munich, for which the observatory was rebuilt again, with a movable roof. This refractor was of six inches diameter, and eight feet focal distance. There is now a good collection of other modern instruments by the best makers; and though the establishment is by no means a first class observatory, it fully answers all the requirements of the university.

Philosophical Apparatus.-This was commenced under Stöffler. Under Duke Charles the collection was much enlarged, and, in 1804, a large hall and several chambers in the Castle were appropriated to it. With a few exceptions, the apparatus is now of the newest kinds, competent for all classes of physical experiment, and will compare well with that of any other institution of its class in Germany.

Collection in Natural History.-This was only commenced in 1802, when its foundation was laid by the gifts of several professors, an endowment from Baron von Palm, and an appropriation from the university funds. The mineralogical cabinet has much increased since a professorship of mineralogy and geognosy was established in 1837, and, especially, since it has been in charge of Prof. Duenstedt. It may now challenge a comparison with any collection in Germany, and surpass most of them in completeness and clearness of arrangement, and scientific classification. It contains about 100,000 specimens. The zoological and zoötomical collection, in charge of Prof. Von Rapp, is constantly increasing in value.

Botanic Garden. During the years 1805-9, a new botanic garden was laid out under the care of Prof. Kielmeyer, but in low ground near the Ammer, and liable to overflows and frosts, and too damp for many plants. It had a forcing-house, and a gardener's house; but no lecture room, nor any accommodations for scientific labors, nor for preserving collections. During the last twelve years, however, a new garden has been laid out on higher ground, and these deficiencies quite well supplied.

Anatomy.-A new anatomical theater was erected in 1832-5, with a dissecting room with accommodations for more than 200 persons, a lecture room, rooms for dissections by students and for keeping preparations, subjects, and animals, and an anatomical museum. The clinical department and lying-in hospital have already been mentioned.

Collection of Models.-This collection for instruction in technology, is now accommodated in a separate building fitted up for the purpose.

Literary Representations of the University.

Since the discontinuance of the "Tübingen Advertiser,” (Anzeigen,) in 1808, there has been no general literary organ of the university, such as exists at Göttingen, Heidelberg, Halle, Jena and Leipzig. A plan for establishing such a one, in connection with a Wirtemberg association of learned men, was started in 1826 on occasion of the birth of the crown prince, but neither ever went into operation. Single faculties have, however, issued periodicals, as, for instance, both the theological and the juridical. The Catholic one still exists; the Protestant one lasted, with brief intervals, until 1840; the polit ical-economical one until 1844. Some individual professors also published periodicals; as, Reyscher for German law, Zeller for speculative theology, Roser and Wunderlich for medicine, and Fichte for philosophy. In 1843, the younger professors of almost all the faculties seemed on the point of uniting in a common periodical; but the plan went into operation only partially, in the form of the present year-books, edited by Schwegler.

Since 1829 the use of Latin has been discontinued in official academical writings, programmes, addresses, dissertations and disputations. No festival programmes are any longer published, except on the king's birthday, and those customary at the announcement of the promotions to the doctorate of philosophy.

Instruction in Fine Arts, &c.

Instruction is given in riding by riding-master Baron von Falkenstein; in music, by music-director Silcher, well-known as a composer and leader; in drawing and painting, by the painter Leibnitz; and in fencing, dancing, and gymnastics, by masters in those arts.

Propositions for Reform.

Prof. Fallati of Jena, originated a proposal of an assembly of university instructors in Jena in 1848, and a little afterwards, the university of Jena sent out invitations to the other German universities to appoint each four representatives to a reformatory convention to meet at Jena, as a convenient and central point. Four were chosen at Tübingen; two from the ordinary professors, one from the extraordinary professors, and one from the private instructors (Privatdocenten.) On behalf of each of these three bodies, proposals for reform were drawn up, the first of them recommending the substitution of an assembly of all the instructors for the present senate of ordinary

professors; and the last, submitting a new constitution in detail, adhering generally to the corporate rights of the university, but recommending the cessation of its exempt jurisdiction, a similar substitute for the senate to that just mentioned, and an executive committee for current administrative business.

Manners and Morals.

Not much can conveniently be said on this subject during the present period, aside from what has already been mentioned in discussing the Burshenschaft.

The government prohibition to enter beer houses (Kneipen) in the forenoon, was somewhat mollified in 1837, but though often remonstrated against by both students and professors, is still in force. This is to some extent a hardship, as in Tübingen the students depend upon these public houses for social intercourse, much more than at most of the other German universities, as but few family circles are open to the students, and then only to relatives, or those in some especial relation to a professor. Large social assemblies are quite rare. There is usually in winter a sort of assembly (Casinogesellschaft) at the museum, at which some families and some students are usually present. There are also occasional balls.

Among the elder members of the university, there are various social circles, one of which in particular has existed for some ten years, and consists mostly of professors, at each of whose meetings conversation is varied by a discourse from some one of the members on some literary subject of general interest. There have of late been various efforts for the literary and æsthetic improvement of ladies. Thus Prof. Vischer delivered, during several winters, numerously attended lectures on literary history; Dr. Bröcker lectured to ladies on general history; Dr. Leibnitz on the history of art, &c.

In 1858, there were 72 professors, of whom 46 were ordinary professors, 9 extraordinary, 2 honorary, 16 privat docentes; 704 students, viz., 118 in catholic theology, and 146 in protestant; 193 in jurisprudence; 111 in medicine; and 136 in philosophy.

V. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE.

[From a Discourse by Cornelius Conway Felton, LL.D., before the Alumni of Harvard College, on his Installation as President, on the 26th of July, 1860.J

BRETHREN, we stand here to-day as the representatives of the oldest university on the American continent. Our Puritan ancestors brought with them from Oxford and Cambridge the English scholarship of their age. They were among the best educated men of their times. They were among the noblest men of any times. If their memories ever cease to be honored here--if among the changes that advancing years are always making in the opinions and works of men, the names of the Puritan fathers shall ever be scorned or forgotten here, the smile of heaven shall no longer rest upon us, and these fair structures, now crowded with studious youth and visited by the light of unexampled prosperity, shall crumble to the earth, blighted with the curse of God. John Harvard, whose honored name the institution bears, was a Cambridge man, and the name of the place, Newtown, was early changed to Cambridge-Cantabrigia Nov. Anglorum-Cambridge of the New Englishmen. Harvard College became the corporate designation, and the university at Cambridge its descriptive synonym. The earliest seal bearing the motto "VERITAS," appears in the records of 1643, the one now commonly used with the motto Christo et Ecclesiæ having been introduced at a later and uncertain date. The earliest degrees were conferred by the president, with the sanction of the honorandi viri and reverendi presbyteri, upon the juvenes quos scio, tam doctrina quam moribus idoneos esse pro more academiarum in Anglia, according to the usages of the universities in England. Indeed, the early society of New England generally was organized upon the social principles of Old England.

The precedence yielded to rank; the privileges, exemptions and honors, conceded to esquires and knights—there were few of higher rank among the Puritan aristocracy-would astonish and offend this easy mannered age. These feelings were shared by the scholars and governors of the infant college. In the class-room and chapel the pupils sat according to the social position of their fathers. It is ordered by the earlier laws, that scholarium quisque donec primo gradu ornetur, ni sit commensalis aut nobilis alicujus filius, aut militis primogenitus, suo tantum cognomine rocatur. Every scholar, until he receives his first degree, shall be called only by his surname, unless he be a fellow commoner or the eldest son of a knight or nobleman." Some of the ancient laws are more applicable to the present time than the one I have just quoted. For example, "they

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(the scholars) shall honor as their parents, magistrates, elders, tutors, and aged persons, by being silent in their presence, except they be called on to answer, not gainsaying, showing all those laudable expressions of honor and reverence in their presence that are in use, as bowing before them, standing uncovered, or the like."

"They shall be slow to speak, and eschew not only oaths, lies and uncertain rumors, but likewise all idle, bitter scoffing, frothy, wanton words and offensive gestures."

The following brief rule has a much wider application than to the scholars of a college:

"None shall pragmatically intrude or intermeddle in other men's affairs;" and there is a Latin law which was by no means a dead letter, though in a dead language: "Si quis scholarium, ullam Dei et hujus collegii legem sive animo perverso, seu ex supina negligentia, violarit, postquam fuerit bis admonitus, si non adultus, virgis coerceatur. “If any of the scholars, from a perverse mind or supine negligence, shall violate any law of God and of.this college, after he has been twice reproved, if not adult, he shall be scourged with rods."

I forbear to make any application-scholars now are all adults. I must quote one more as a law greatly needed every where:"No scholar shall taste tobacco, unless permitted by the president, with the consent of their parents or guardians, or on good reason first given by a physician, and then in a sober and private manner." Begging pardon of my numerous smoking friends-and no man has more or better-I can only say that if the scholars taking tobacco depended upon the permission of the president now, cigars, pipes, snuff and quids, would quickly disappear from the college premises. But alas! the smoke of tobacco, like the smoke of sacrifice offered to idols among the ancient heathen, has led the generation of men astray, and the breath of human nostrils goes up to heaven—if indeed it goes there all—¿λicσoμévn πepi καπνώ.

I must not dwell on these characteristics of the past. The history of the university has been admirably written by my venerable predecessor, President Quincy. I will only remark in general that every record of the proceedings of our ancestors in relation to the institution shows that they had large and liberal purposes. They aimed to educate a learned clergy, but not that alone. The general education of the people was embraced in the scope of their enlightened plans, and they included in their idea of a scheme of general education the general principles of the highest possible education. The university was upreared side by side with the schoolhouse as an indispensable part of the instrumentalities of civilization. They built up a state which they resolved should be a Christian state, but their conception of a Christian state included the widest range of human learning. They were no fanatics of a single, narrow idea. They were men of piety, but not an ignorant piety. They thought the chief end of man was to glorify God, but they would glorify him by unfolding to the highest possible extent the faculties of the human soul which he created