-New Hampshire a royal Province, 115-Spirit of the People, 116-Disputes

with Cranfield, 117-Massachusetts and the Acts of Navigation, 120-The

Que warranto, 124-Debate on the required Surrender, 125-Judgment, 127.

CHAPTER XIII

SHAFTESBURY AND LOCKE LEGISLATE FOR CAROLINA.

Proprietaries of Carolina, 128-Opposing Claims, 130-New England Men,

131-Parties from Virginia, 133-Drummond, 135-Planters from Barba-

does, 136-Second Charter, 137-Charter extended-Ashley Cooper, 139-

John Locke, 144-Constitutions, 146-Rejected in North Carolina, 151-

George Fox, 154-The Government in North Carolina, 156-Insurrection and

free Government, 159-Seth Sothel, 163-Character of the Settlements in

North Carolina, 164-First Emigration to South Carolina, 166-The Govern-

ment, 168 Charleston, 169-Emigrants-Africans, 170-Dutch, 171-Vine-

dressers Churchmen-Dissenters, 172-Irish-Scottish Presbyterians, 173-

Huguenots, 174--Their tardy Enfranchisement, 183-Contest between the

People and the Proprietaries, 184-The People prevail, 187.

CHAPTER XIV.

THE COLONIES ON THE CHESAPEAKE BAY.

The People of Virginia, 188—Aristocracy, 190-Servants, 191-Slaves, 193

—Parties in Virginia at the Restoration, 195—The Royalists carry the Elec-
tions, 196-The Navigation Act, 197-Royalist Legislation-A State Reli-
gion, 200-A fixed Revenue to the Crown, 203—An irresponsible Judiciary
-Taxation by County Courts, 204-Law for Biennial Assemblies abrogated,

205-Extravagant Wages of Burgesses, 206-Universal Suffrage abolished,

207—Charles II. gives away Virginia, 209-The Old Dominion in 1674, 211—

Struggle for popular Freedom, 213—Contests with the Indians, 215—Nathan-

iel Bacon, 217-Royalist Assembly dissolved-Popular Party elect a Majority

of the new Assembly, 219-Its Acts, 220-The grand Rebellion, 222-Drum-

mond's Proposition, 224-Bacon rises, 226-Jamestown burned, 227-Death

of Bacon, 228-Robert Beverley-Hansford, 229-Cheesman and Wilford,

230-Drummond, 231-The Result, 233-Maryland, 234-Death of Lord Bal-

timore, 238—" Baconists" in Maryland, 240-Restrictions on Suffrage, 241-

Protestantism, 243-A Tory President, 244-Revolution, 245-Culpepper in

Virginia, 246—Increase of Royal Power, 247-Appeals to the Assembly pro-

hibited, 248-Virginia redeemed-Howard of Effingham, 249-Rebels sent

to Virginia, 250-Kidnapped Men and Boys, 251-Despotism, 252—Resisted,

25-Tendencies to Union, 255.

Holland and Union, 256-Revolution in the Netherlands, 257-Holland-

Zealand, 259-Origin of the Dutch West India Company, 260-Henry Hud-

son, 264-Sails up the North River, 266—The uncultivated Wilderness, 267–

Geographical Features, 268-Progress, 269-Hudson's last Voyage, 270-

The Dutch traffic on the North River, 272-Albany, 273-Olden Barneveld

and Grotius oppose Colonization in America, 274-West India Company char-

tered, 275-Colonization, 277-Colonial Diplomacy, 278-Charter of Liberties,

279-Monopoly of Lands, 280-De Vries plants Delaware, 281-Dutch Fort at

Hartford, 283-Gustavus Adolphus and New Sweden, 284-Dutch and Indian

Wars, 288-Roger Williams mediates a Truce, 291-Peace, 292-Stuyve-

sant's Administration, 293-New England, 294-New Albion-New Sweden,

295-Amsterdam purchases Delaware, 298-Emigrants-Jews, 300—Wal-

denses, 301-Huguenots, 302-Africans, 303-Dawn of Democratic Liberty,

304-Effects of the Restoration of Charles II., 308-Conquest of New Neth-

erlands, 312—New Jersey, 315-Delaware, 319-New York, 320-New York

reconquered, 322-Restored-Rights of Neutral Flags, 325.

CHAPTER XVI.

THE PEOPLE CALLED QUAKERS IN THE UNITED STATES.

Unity of the Human Race-Progress of Emancipation, 326-Power of the

People in England, 327--Progress of Intellectual Freedom, 328-Speculative

Truth, 329—Quakers, 330—George Fox, 331-Struggle for Freedom of Mind,

332-Obtains it, 333-Preaches Freedom to the People, 334-His Purpose,

336-The Inner Light-Its Reality, 337-Quaker Method, the Method of Des-

cartes, 338-Asserts Freedom of Conscience, and of Mind, 339-Repels Su-

perstition, 340-Respects universal and necessary Truths, 341-The Bible, 342

-Christianity-Philosophy, 343-Quaker Morality, 344-Vows-Power-

Riches, 345-Education-Capital Punishments-Imprisonment for Debt-War,

346—Common Prayer-The Sacraments-Mourning-Oaths-Sensual Pleas-

ures-Dress, 347-Style-Tracts-Hireling Ministry-Persecution-Resist-

ance, 348—Quaker Method of Revolution, 349-Power of Truth, 350—Faith

in Humanity-Universal Enfranchisement, 351-Priesthood-Woman, 352—

Kings-Nobles-Titles-Hat Worship, 353-Influence of the Age on Fox,

354-Progress of his Opinions, 355-Quakers persecuted, 356-They buy

West New Jersey, 357-The Concessions, 358—The Quaker Constitution,

359-Relations with the Indians, 360-with the Duke of York, 361-Progress

of the Settlement, 362-William Penn, 363-Pennsylvania, 364-Letter to

the People, 365-Monopoly, 367-Government, 368-Free Society-Dela-

ware, 369-Sails for America-Life of Penn, 370-John Locke and Penn, 379

-Penn on the Delaware, 382--The Great Treaty with the Indians, 383—Or

ganization of the Government, 386-Penn and Baltimore, 387-Philadelphia,

389-Constitutions established, 390-Trial for Witchcraft, 393-Progress, 394

-Penn's Farewell, 395-Boundary with Maryland, 396-Penn in England,

397—His Fame-His Fortunes, 400-Quaker Legislation, 401-Indian Alarm,

402—Slavery, 403—Death of George Fox, 404.

CHAPTER XVII.

JAMES II. CONSOLIDATES THE NORTHERN COLONIES.

Andros in New York, 405-Claims Connecticut, 406-Character of James II.,

407-His Colonial Policy, 408-New York discontented, 409-East New Jer-

sey, 410—Cause of the Emigration of Scottish Presbyterians, 411–No Per-

secution in New Jersey, 414-Free Trade in New York, 415-Charter of

Liberties, 416-The Five Nations, 417-Their Wars with other Tribes, 418-

with the French, 419-Treaty at Albany, 420-War with the French, 423—

Policy of Louis XIV., 424-Magnanimity of the Onondagas, 425 War

revived, 426—Treaty for New England-Dudley, Andros, 427-Tyranny, 428

—John Wise resists, 429-Rhode Island, 431-Connecticut, 432-Consolida-

tion, 433-England, Clarendon's Ministry, 434-The Cabal, 435-Shaftesbury,

436—Danby, 437-Shaftesbury, 438-Reaction, 440—James II., 441—Baxter,

442—The Tories, the Whigs, 443-Penn's Party, 444-The Revolution of

1688, 445-Revolution in Massachusetts, 447-Plymouth, Rhode Island, 449———

Connecticut, New York, 450-Absolute Sovereignty of Parliament, 451.

CHAPTER XVIII.

THE RESULT THUS FAR.

Population of the twelve oldest States in 1688, 452-Elements of the Country

-A free People, 453-An Anglo-Saxon People-Character of the Virginians,

454-A Christian People, 455—A Protestant People-Political Character of

Protestantism-Christianity originally an Enfranchisement-Origin of the

Political Influence of the Seven Sacraments-The exclusive Sacraments found

a spiritual Tyranny, 456-Imperfect Resistance from Scholastic Theologians;

from Sensualists; from the feudal Aristocracy; from Monarchs; from Schol-

ars, 457-Wickliffe appeals to the People-John Huss, 458-Luther and Lu-

theranism, 459-Anabaptists-Calvin, 461-Political Mission of Calvinism-

Calvinism revolutionized the English World, 462—Calvinism and Massachu-

setts, 463-Progress in New England-Connecticut, 464-Rhode Island—The

Quakers-Coincidence of Quakers and Descartes, 465-America struggles

for Universality-Influence on the Red Man-on the Black Man, 466-

France, England, and the Rising Colonies, 467.

COLONIAL HISTORY.

CHAPTER XI.

THE RESTORATION OF THE STUARTS.

XI.

THE principles that should prevail in the adminis- CHAP tration of the American colonies, always formed a dividing question between the political parties in Eng- 1660 land. The restoration of the legitimate dynasty was attended by a corresponding change in colonial policy.

The revolution, which was now come to its end, had been in its origin a democratic revolution, and had apparently succeeded in none of its ultimate purposes. In the gradual progress of civilization, the power of the feudal aristocracy had been broken by the increased authority of the monarch; and the people, now beginning to claim the lead in the progress of humanity, prepared to contend for equality against privilege, as well as for freedom against prerogative. The contest failed for a season, because too much was at once attempted. Immediate emancipation from the decaying institutions of the past was impossible; hereditary inequalities were themselves endeared to the nation, from a love for the beneficent institutions with which close union had identified them; the mass of the people was still buried in the inactivity of listless ignorance; even for the strongest minds, public experience had not yet generated the principles by which

XI.

CHAP a reconstruction of the government on a popular basis could have been safely undertaken; and thus the democratic revolution in England was a failure, alike from the events and passions of the fierce struggle which rendered moderation impossible, and from the misfortune of the age, which had not as yet acquired the political knowledge that time alone could gather for the use of later generations.

1629

to

1640.

6.

Charles I., conspiring against the national constitution, which he, as the most favored among the natives of England, was the most solemnly bound to protect, had resolved to govern without the aid of a parliament. To convene a parliament was, therefore, in itself, an 1640, acknowledgment of defeat. The house of commons, April which assembled in April, 1640, was filled with men not less loyal to the monarch than faithful to the people; yet the king, who had neither the resignation of wise resolution, nor yet the daring of despair, perpetually vacillating between the desire of destroying English liberty, and a timid respect for its forms, disregarded the wishes of his more prudent friends, and, under the influence of capricious passion, suddenly May dissolved a parliament more favorable to his interests 5. than any which he could again hope from the excite

ment of the times. The friends of the popular party were elated at the dissolution. "This parliament could have remedied the confusion," said the royalist Hyde, afterwards earl of Clarendon, to St. John. The countenance of the sombre republican, usually clouded with gloom, beamed with cheerfulness as he replied, “All is well; things must be worse before they can be better; this parliament could never have done what is necessary to be done.” 1

1 Clarendon, i. 140.