ARTICLE X.

(94) The powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively or to the people.

ARTICLE XI.

(95) The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another state, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign state.

ARTICLE XII.

(96) The electors shall meet in their respective states and vote by ballot for president and vice-president, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as president, and in distinct ballots the person voted for as vice-president, and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as president and of all persons voted for as vice-president, and of the number of votes for each; which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the president of the senate. The president of the senate shall, in the presence of the senate and house of representatives, open all the certificates and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number of votes for president, shall be the president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such a majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as president, the house of representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the president. But in choosing the president the votes shall be taken by states, the representation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. And if the house of representatives shall not choose a president whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day of March next following, then the vice-president shall act as president, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the president.

(97) The person having the greatest number of votes as vicepresident shall be the vice-president, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list the senate shall choose the vice-president; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of president shall be eligible to that of vice-president of the United States.

ARTICLE XIII.

(98) SECTION 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States or any place subject to their jurisdiction.

(99) SEC. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

ARTICLE XIV.

(100) SECTION 1. All persons born or naturalized in the Uuited States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. No state shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty or property, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws.

(101) SEC. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several states according to their respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each state, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for president and vice-president of the United States, representatives in congress, the executive and judicial officers of a state, or the members of the legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male inhabitants of such state, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one years of age in such state.

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(102) SEC. 3. No person shall be a senator or representative in congress, or elector of president and vice-president, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States or under any state, who, having previously taken an oath as a member of congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any state legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any state, to support the constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, remove such disability.

(103) SEC. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any state shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such de ts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.

(104) SEC. 5. The congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article.

ARTICLE XV.

(105) SEC. 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on acconnt of race, color, or previous condition of se vitude.

(106) SEC. 2. The congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.

CHAPTER IV.

PREAMBLE.

We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this constitution for the United States of America.

The preamble of the constitution is the key-note of popular government. It contains, in few words, a summary of the reasons for the formation of our government, and in it, there is a clear, definite statement of the needs of the nation at the time of its adoption, as well as ample provision for future ages.

More Perfect Union. The greatest need of the hour was that a more perfect union of the states might be formed. "We are one to-day and thirteen to-morrow" was a common assertion, and all thoughtful men realized the truth of the statement. Under the articles of confederation, the weakness of the government was due almost entirely to the lack of union among the states. It is no wonder, therefore, that the first reason given in the preamble is, in order to form a more perfect union."

Justice. To establish justice among the states was also an urgent necessity. Petty jealousies had arisen among them, and each one seemed to fear that its rights were abridged by the others. As there was no judicial

branch of the general government, there was no legal way of settling these disputes, and the condition in some cases was truly deplorable.

Domestic Tranquillity.-During the few years that the articles of confederation formed the basis of our government, the states were in constant trouble with their neighbors. Each state also had as much to fear from dangers within its own borders as it had from outside foes. The necessity for "domestic tranquillity" was very urgent, and as nearly all the trouble among the states had arisen from their trade relations, congress, by the new plan, was very wisely given the power to regulate commerce. In order that peace might be insured to the states, the general government has the power to put down insurrections in any of the states.

Common Defense. -The states had learned from the war through which they had just passed, that their success depended upon their united action. The United States could do more to provide for the common defense than could possibly be accomplished by the states themselves, each acting separately. Since the adoption of the constitution, no state has ever been engaged in war with any other state or foreign power. The right to make all necessary provisions for supporting an army and navy is given to the general government.

General Welfare.-To promote the general welfare of all the states and of all the people is an important function of popular government. This work is carried on in many ways, and it is no idle boast to say that no other government has ever done so much to benefit all classes of society as has our own. The large grants of lands and money given by congress to foster education, especially