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do not always explain; for instance, on the same page where Mr. Whiteing describes a distant faubourg we have a view of the Exhibition Gate opposite the Invalides, a scene in the heart of Paris.

Mr. Castaigne certainly had a notable text to illustrate. We may have put the late Theodore Child's "Praise of Paris," or Signor de Amicis's "Ricordi di Parigi," or some scenes in Victor Hugo's "NotreDame de Paris" at the head of the descriptions of life in the "Ville Lumière," but henceforth Mr. Richard Whiteing will take his place alongside more famous writers. Mr. Whiteing is a past-master in the art of dipping beneath the surface. He knows his Paris well; its poor quarters as well as its central boulevards, its bureaucracy as well as its army, its curious mediævalisms as well as its latest fads in the fashions for the twentieth century. A fifth of his volume is taken up by a description of "Artistic Paris," and this description is of value to the observer of comparative conditions in the progress of art.

Mr. Will H. Low has treated Shakespeare's "As You Like It" (Dodd, Mead & Co.) largely from the decorative point of view, as he treated Mr. Mabie's "Forest of Arden," and with equal success. The book is charmingly made, every page having its ornamental border printed in color, the text beautifully large and clear, and a few full-page figure pictures being introduced to bring the persons of the play before the eye. In all these pictures, save possibly one, Mr. Low has been successful in making Rosalind, Orlando, Jacques, and their companions picturesque and interesting, if not convincing. The book is distinctly one of the most attractive of the season.

The Life of Shakespeare, which has been appearing in the Magazine Numbers of The Outlook, has been issued in quarto form by The Macmillan Company, of this city. The scope of the work need not be explained to the readers of The Outlook. Biographies of Shakespeare have hitherto dealt very largely with the innumerable questions connected with his career, and have come, for the most part, from the pens of scholars, who have been necessarily occupied chiefly with the Shakespearean problems. The biography which has been appearing in The Outlook has been pre

pared from another point of view. Mr. Mabie has endeavored to touch the Shakespearean questions only so far as they affect the career and art of Shakespeare; to deal with the poet as a poet from the literary standpoint and in the spirit in which a contemporary would write the life of Tennyson or Browning; to reproduce, if possible, the atmosphere of the time; to bring into mind the conditions of the stage at the period when Shakespeare wrote; to enumerate, so far as possible, the tools with which he worked, the books to which he had access, and the materials at his command; and so to bring clearly before the eye the figure and bearing of the dramatist. This endeavor has been reinforced by a series of illustrations of portraits, places, and other interesting objects, selected, not for the purpose of pictorial effect, but in order to elucidate the text. These illustrations, with others, are presented in a volume which is one of unusual elegance and beauty. It is printed from a large, clear type, with numerous illustrations let into the page, with ten photogravures of the most memorable places and beautiful localities connected with Shakespeare, and it is bound in green calf suede, with gilt stamping.

Mr. Crawford's "Rulers of the South " deals with Sicily, Calabria, and Malta, but chiefly with Sicily, that marvelous island which has been the arena of countless race dramas, and which Mr. Crawford describes as "the undying heroine of an unending romance." The method followed is that which was so successfully pursued in "Ave Roma Immortalis," but the material does not so readily yield itself to orderly treatment. History, biography, architecture, and description are blended in the narrative, which has much of the interest of fiction. The story is full of striking episodes, chief among them being the great and tragic story of the overwhelming defeat of the Athenians at Syracuse, which gives Mr. Crawford the opportunity of describing again those terrible quarries, and suggesting the awful tragedy which Symonds touched with so skillful a hand years ago. The volumes are richly illustrated, largely from drawings by Mr. Brokman, with the aid of many photographs. (The Macmillan Company.)

UP FROM SLAVERY

An Autobiography

BY BOOKER T. WASHINGTON

Chapter V. The Reconstruction rate, could live without manual labor.

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There was a further feeling that a knowledge, however little, of the Greek and Latin languages would make one a very superior human being, something bordering almost on the supernatural. I remember that the first colored man whom I saw who knew something about foreign lan

GENERAL SAMUEL C. ARMSTRONG

It could not have been expected that a people who had spent generations in slavery, and before that generations in the darkest heathenism, could at first form any proper conception of what an education meant. In every part of the South, during the Reconstruction period, schools, both day and night, were filled to overflowing with people of all ages and conditions, some being as far along in age as sixty and seventy years. The ambition to secure an education was most praiseworthy and encouraging. The idea, however, was too prevalent that, as soon as one secured a little education, in some unexplainable way he would be free from most of the hardships of the world, and, at any Copyright, 1900, by Bocker T. Washington.

Mr. Washington received his education.

guages impressed me

at that time as being a man of all others to be envied.

Naturally, most of our people who received some little education became teachers or preachers. While among these two classes there were many capable, earnest, godly men and women, still a large proportion took up teaching or preaching as an easy way to make a living. Many became teachers who could do little more than write their names. I remember there came into our neighborhood one of this class, who was in search of a

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The well-known Principal of Hampton Institute, where school to teach, and the question arose while he was there as to the shape of the earth and how he would teach the children concerning this subject. He explained his position in the matter by saying that he was prepared to teach that the earth was either flat or round, according to the preference of a majority of his patrons.

The ministry was the profession that suffered most-and still suffers, though there has been great improvement-on account of not only ignorant but in many

cases immoral men who claimed that they were "called to preach." In the earlier days of freedom almost every colored man who learned to read would receive" a call to preach" within a few days after he began reading. At my home in West Virginia the process of being called to the ministry was a very interesting one. Usu ally the "call" came when the individual was sitting in church. Without warning the one called would fall upon the floor as if struck by a bullet, and would lie there for hours, speechless and motionless. Then the news would spread all through the neighborhood that this individual had received a "call." If he were inclined to resist the summons, he would fall or be made to fall a second or third time. In the end he always yielded to the call. While I wanted an education badly, I confess that in my youth I had a fear that when I had learned to read and write well I would receive one of these " calls;" but, for some reason, my call never came.

When we add the number of wholly ignorant men who preached or " exhorted" to that of those who possessed something of an education, it can be seen at a glance that the supply of ministers was large. In fact, some time ago I knew a certain church that had a total membership of about two hundred, and eighteen of that number were ministers. But, I repeat, in many communities in the South the character of the ministry is being improved, and I believe that within the next two or three decades a very large proportion of the unworthy ones will have disappeared. The "calls" to preach, I am glad to say, are not nearly so numerous now as they were formerly, and the calls to some industrial occupation are growing more numerous. The improvement that has taken place in the character of the teachers is even more marked than in the case of the ministers.

During the whole of the Reconstruction period our people throughout the South looked to the Federal Government for everything, very much as a child looks to its mother. This was not unnatural. The central government gave them freedom, and the whole Nation had been enriched for more than two centuries by the labor of the negro. Even as a youth, and later in manhood, I had the feeling that it was cruelly wrong in the central

government, at the beginning of our freedom, to fail to make some provision for the general education of our people in addition to what the States might do, so that the people would be the better prepared for the duties of citizenship.

It is easy to find fault, to remark what might have been done, and perhaps, after all, and under all the circumstances, those in charge of the conduct of affairs did the only thing that could be done at the time. Still, as I look back now over the entire period of our freedom, I cannot help feeling that it would have been wiser if some plan could have been put in operation which would have made the possession of a certain amount of education or property, or both, a test for the exercise of the franchise, and a way provided by which this test should be made to apply honestly and squarely to both the white and black

races.

Though I was but little more than a youth during the period of Reconstruction, I had the feeling that mistakes were being made, and that things could not remain in the condition that they were in then very long. I felt that the reconstruction policy, so far as it related to my race, was in a large measure on a false foundation, was artificial and forced. In many cases it seemed to me that the ignorance of my race was being used as a tool with which to help white men into office, and that there was an element in the North which wanted to punish the Southern white men by forcing the negro into positions over the heads of the Southern whites. I felt that the negro would be the one to suffer for this in the end. Besides, the general political agitation drew the attention of our people away from the more fundamental matters of perfecting themselves in the industries at their doors and in securing property.

The temptations to enter political life were so alluring that I came very near yielding to them at one time, but I was kept from doing so by the feeling that I would be helping in a more substantial way by assisting in the laying of the foundation of the race through a generous education of the hand, head, and heart. I saw colored men who were members of the State Legislatures, and county officers, who, in some cases, could not read or write, and whose morals were as weak

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up, Governor !" "Hurry up, Governor!" My curiosity was aroused to such an extent that I made inquiry as to who the "Governor" was, and soon found that he was a colored man who at one time had held the position of Lieutenant-Governor of his State.

Georgia, were men of high character and usefulness.

Of course the colored people, so largely without education, and wholly without experience in government, made tremendous mistakes, just as any people similarly situated would have done. Many of the

But not all the colored people who were Southern whites have a feeling that, if the

negro is permitted to exercise his political rights now to any degree, the mistakes of the Reconstruction period will repeat themselves. I do not think this would be true, because the negro is a much stronger and wiser man than he was thirty-five years ago, and he is fast learning the lesson that he cannot afford to act in a manner that will alienate his Southern white neighbors from him. More and more I am convinced that the final solution of the political end of our race problem will be for each State that finds it necessary to change the law bearing upon the franchise to make the law apply with abso

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students, in most cases, had more money, were better dressed, wore the latest style of all manner of clothing, and in some cases were more brilliant mentally. At Hampton it was a standing rule that, while the institution would be responsible for securing some one to pay the tuition for the students, the men and women themselves must provide for their own board, books, clothing, and room wholly by work, or partly by work and partly in cash. At the institution at which I now was, I found that a large proportion of the students by some means had their personal expenses paid for them. At Hampton

F. GRIFFITTS MORGAN Who paid Booker Washington's tuition while he was at Hampton.

ing taught school in Malden for two years, and after I had succeeded in preparing several of the young men and women, besides my two brothers, to enter the Hampton Institute, I decided to spend some months in study at Washington, D. C. I remained there for eight months. I derived a great deal of benefit from the studies which I pursued, and I came into contact with some strong men and women. At the institution I attended there was no industrial training given to the students, and I had an opportunity of comparing the influence of an institution with no industrial training with that of one like the Hampton Institute, that emphasized the industries. At this school I found the

the student was constantly making the effort through the industries to help himself, and that very effort was of immense value in character building. The students at the other school seemed to be less self-dependent. They seemed to give more attention to mere outward appearances. In a word, they did not appear to me to be beginning at the bottom, on a real, solid foundation,

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the extent that they were at Hampton. They knew more about Latin and Greek when they left school, but they seemed to know less about life and its conditions as they would meet it at their homes. Having lived for a number of years in the midst of comfortable surroundings, they were not as much inclined as the Hampton students to go into the country districts of the South, where there was little of comfort, to take up work for our people, and they were more inclined to yield to the temptation to become hotel waiters and Pullman-car porters as their life-work.

During the time I was a student in Washington the city was crowded with colored people, many of whom had re

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