withdrew, or took little trouble to make a good show. If all the British possessions -Canada, Australia, India, etc.—were to add their exhibits to the mother country's, they would make a formidable show, but the colonies have their independent spaces. Germany, on the other hand, has come to Paris with the determination of impressing the world that it is a great industrial power. It has gone in for ostentation. No foreign country has brought such huge machines, or placed its goods in such elaborate settings. Fortunate in securing some ends of sections and conspicuous places, Germany has made the most of the sites.

One of the leading features of the Exposition is the machinery hall, where the power station is. A large amount of electric power is required for driving machines and elevators, for the railroad and moving platform, and current is also wanted for lighting and illuminations. Foreign nations were asked to participate in equipping the power station where their machinery could be put to a good practical test. Germany has best responded, supplying about a third of the motive power. It has sent four sets of generating apparatus, which show that Germany is becoming a formidable competitor in the production of electrical plants. These are perhaps the most valuable German exhib its at the Fair. Some of the other German sections look impressive, but close examination will show that there is little originality, and that the workmanship is not of the best and most thorough kind. It is a case of show rather than quality.

The United States is the most businesslike among the exhibitors. American machinery is moving where possible; the whole process of making the American show is performed under the people's eye. Weaving-machines are at work, a daily newspaper is produced, and other samples of characteristic American enterprises are given. The American Pavilion in the Rue des Nations is like a business house; other nations have made their pavilions look like bazaars or art storehouses.

Russia has made a great effort to impress France and the world in the section devoted to metallurgy, where there are great piles of tools and groups of castings. Russia is remarkably well represented.

In no department of modern industrial

life does the Exposition mark a greater step forward than in electrical engineering, when compared with the last Paris international fair. Weapons of warfare come next in point of progress; the exhibits of 1889 would be regarded as obsolete to-day. Special interest is attached to the new engines of destruction in these days of wars, and the two largest individual exhibits are in the military and naval section. They are the pavilions of Schneider & Co., of Creusot, who supplied the Boers with their "Long Toms," and the Vickers-Maxim Company, of England. The former have a turret-shaped structure containing examples of their longrange and other new guns. The VickersMaxim Company have a collection of ferocious-looking quick-firing, death-dealing machine guns, and a large variety of weapons.

Turning to the paths of peaceful industry, there is no phase of it in which there is keener competition than in connection with textiles. Here the nations meet in friendly rivalry, and in looking over the spinning and weaving machinery one notices a number of new inventions. In the weaving section the Millar loom, exhibited by a London firm although an American invention, is the most ingenious. It introduces a clever combination of knitting and weaving, and is capable of producing a great variety of cloth. A remarkable thing about the machine is that, while it quickens production, any one can work it after a day's teaching. These machines which increase production and dispense with trained and skilled operatives form an important factor in the labor problem as well as in competition. Zurich, the center of industrial Switzerland, shows up well in this section, and France displays much originality in its Jacquard machines. In the kindred section of spinning machinery, prominence should be given to an Alsatian firm for its ingenious use of electric power in a mule spinning-frame. One motor drives the spindles and another works the carriage. British machinery appears to good advantage here, although in the textile as in other sections it cannot be said to be representative of the industrial position. which England occupies.

One of the most crowded parts of the industrial sections of the Exposition is

that relating to costumes. There is a wonderful show of costumes and ladies' dress materials, and France maintains her position for this class of goods. The exhibit sent by the city of Lyons is magnificent, and must be the envy and admiration of other countries interested in the silk industry.

A section of the Fair which does not admit of comparative treatment is that relating to automobiles, which had no existence ten years ago. There is an endless variety of motor-cars, vehicles of all sizes and shapes for useful purposes and for pleasure-from a wagon to a small motorcycle. France has by far the largest show of these fin-de-siècle vehicles.

A survey of the chief industrial exhibits at the great Fair would not be complete without a visit to the Annex at Vincennes. There are no elaborate palaces and pavilions at Vincennes, no crowds and no dust,

T

but simply a collection of sheds in a wooded park outside Paris. The most exciting thing about the Annex is a cycle track, and in the absence of a crowd cyclists and "motorists" are able to fly over the road at full speed. While there is an enormous show of cycles from all countries, collections of agricultural and other machines, the Annex is chiefly intended for exhibits referring to transportation. There are trains and cars of all nations capable of producing them. Germany has arranged a train in sumptuous style, but it was probably not made in Germany, as it belongs to the International Sleeping-Car Company under another name. The French railroads take up a great deal of space, and America has an excellent show. The new locomotive adopted on the State railroads in France and included in the French section was made in Philadelphia.

By Mrs. S.

HE world stands aghast to-day at the great upheaval in China, and asks persistently, What could have produced such a convulsion? Among the various causes given of late we have the assurance, from sources by no means well informed, that the missionary is the chief cause of all the trouble. Without a doubt the missionary factor is in the situation, but there are more factors than one, and they have been doing their fruitful work for years. The only marvel is that the revolt did not come sooner.

Let us look at the chief causes of the present outbreak in the Chinese Empire. At one time opium was a contraband article in China. Only two hundred chests annually were allowed to enter the country, solely for medicinal purposes, and it was strictly forbidden as an article of trade. But the East India Company, then in charge largely of India and Eastern trade, learned that the Portuguese profitably smuggled opium into China. India had vast plains upon which the poppy

As most of our readers know, Mrs. Baldwin was for many years a missionary in China, and writes from long and close observation and study of the country and people.-THE EDITORS.

L. Baldwin'

would flourish. Every inch of ground was needed to keep famine from India's poor, but what of the hunger of the poor as compared to the greed for gold? The East India Company proceeded to compel poppy-planting in India, although it impoverished the soil, and for years smuggled opium into China. After a time the English Government superseded said Company, and we then had the spectacle for many years of the great Christian English Government engaged in smuggling a deadly poison into a helpless country. The Emperor of China, finally losing all patience after long years of defiance of his laws and ruin of his people, sent Commissioner Li from Peking to Canton, with full power summarily to execute all Chinese in league with the smugglers and to confiscate all opium he could find. Li, with great moderation, only shut up ir their factories the English and American merchants whose hands were black with the trade. He supplied them with good food, but seized their opium, put it in pits filled with water, and then floated it out to sea. An opium" tea-party "!

Then England came with her cannon

and soldiers, and we had the Opium War as known in history, which Lord Elgin declared "the most iniquitous war ever waged." But might conquered right, and England compelled China to pay $21,000,000 for the war and opium destroyed, and took her southern port, her beautiful island of Hongkong, to-day one of England's chief colonies, and, worse still, compelled China to admit opium as an article of trade. To this moment this awful curse and English Government monopoly is forced upon China.

Many times, as I have urged my sedanchair bearers not to use opium, have they returned me the answer, "Why do you foreigners bring it to us?" Miles in the interior, where a foreigner never lives and rarely is seen, his face suggests to the native the white man's curse. When a mob years ago in China drove the foreigners out of one of their cities, they cried after them: "You burned our Summer Palace; you killed our Emperor; you are poisoning our people; you are devils !" Second, what of the other great Protestant nation, the United States? Have we observed the Golden Rule toward a

friendly nation? Not by any means. We just bowed assent to all England did. Our merchants shared in the traffic and the iniquitous indemnity forced from China; and after the Chinese Government was compelled to admit opium as an article of trade, every chief American tea firm, save one, had its opium treasurevault and made its greatest profits on sin. I say, save one; let me write that name out in full. Oliphant & Company stood alone among the mercantile firms of all nationalities with hands clean of the wicked traffic. They would not allow a chest of opium to be carried on their steamers or allow it to be mentioned in their trade reports. Was sharing in the opium traffic all that our Nation has done to wrong China? No! At the bidding of that element in our country which is ever the foe of any Republic-that would close our public schools, take the Bible and liberty of conscience and a free press from the people-at the bidding of this, our most deadly foe, our Government has insulted China over and over again by the most discriminating laws against its peo

I am glad to say that recently the American Government has forbidden its people to sell opium in China.

ple. While demanding for our people in China the privileges of the "most favored nation," it denies to the Chinese what is granted to every other nation.

So that to-day, while the very refuse of Europe lands on our shores by the tens of thousands, and seizes the ballot, and proceeds to compete with the American as well as the Chinese in industries and in power, a college-bred Christian Chinese gentleman enters our free Republic under the most annoying and difficult conditions—not infrequently having to give bonds for the privilege of landing. The refuse from Europe which we welcome is divided among our municipal positions, our jails and pauper establishments, and the American is taxed just so much more for its support, while the Chinese gentleman, with money of his own earning, goes to one of our colleges. I have no word of complaint of immigration laws that shut the door to the menacing multitudes of every land; but when we let in the thousands of most dangerous immigrants from Europe, and shut the door in the face of even students and Christian ministers of one land, then justice, yes, decency, cries out in shame. Such discriminating laws have produced their legitimate results here in the United States in the terrible persecution of these helpless Chinese strangers in our land. Robbery, beatings, shooting, roasting alive-in short, every conceivable brutality-have been perpetrated upon them, not only on the Pacific coast, but bitter wrongs even in Boston, New York, and other Eastern cities. dailies never make their front pages brilliant with startling headlines of a Rock Springs massacre-when fifty Chinese were killed in less than an hour, their houses burned, many of them burned alive, women gloating over the suffering. Fifteen years ago that occurred, and up to date no one has been arrested, much less punished, for this fiendish work. Yet Mr. Cleveland, then President, declared that "so far from the Chinese having done anything to cause the assault, their law-abiding disposition was their sole offense."

Our

Third. France wanted to place her goods in China without paying duty, so she just stole Tonquin, killing many innocent people and destroying much valuable property. The Rev. C. M. Cobern,

Ph.D., says: "It was only in 1884 that a certain French vessel steamed into a Chinese port, and, without even a declaration of war, blew up the entire Chinese fleet, killing three thousand Chinese soldiers. and marines." And this is only one of many bitter wrongs perpetrated by the French upon China.

Fourth, Germany. What has she done to complicate the situation? Two German Jesuit priests-never peace factors—were killed in the interior of China. As LiHung-Chang justly said, "In any other country such a case would have had a fair trial, the guilty would have been arrested and punished." All of this the Chinese would have done, and far more quickly than we settle such cases in our courts, but China was not allowed to do so. Germany saw her opportunity, and sent her gunboats and soldiers, and stole Kiaochau, and miles and miles of China's territory! Again I quote from Dr. Cobern: "Only three years ago a private party of Germans sailed up a Chinese river with the German flag floating at the mast-head of the vessel, landed, and began digging up the tombs of the Chinese kings, hunting for treasAppalled and exasperated at the sight, the Chinese gathered, and when the party resisted them with arms, they annihilated these violators of the dead from off the face of the earth! A few weeks later, after the German Consul had inquired what had become of these travelers who had disappeared so suddenly, a German war-ship steamed up the same river and burned down the villages of the patriots who had defended the royal cemeteries." Imagine, if possible, a party of Chinese travelers raiding our Grant's or Washington's tombs!

I have given illustrations of only some of the deeds of four of the "Great Powers." The Chinese have ears to hear, eyes to see and read, and hearts to feel, and are by no means lacking in mental strength. The effect of actual robbery by some nations, and the monstrous proposal to dismember and appropriate the whole country, should not surprise any one by natural results. The assumed wonder of the nations at the present Chinese uprising only illustrates how hardened national conscience may become. The personal attitude of many foreigners in China toward the native people is irritating in the

extreme. Eastern people have a very strict code of etiquette. China had her books on etiquette when our ancestors were the grossest heathen. The lowest workingman in China has his idea of courtesy. But our Western men are, in the majority of cases, utterly regardless of any sort of courtesy toward the Chinese in general. They go about with a lordly, superior air; deal out cuffs and kicks and contempt upon servants and workmen, and even to those they meet in the street, if they regard them as in their way. The prevailing attitude of the foreigner toward the native is too often that of assumed superiority and contemptuous command.

The immoral lives of so many prominent foreigners in China also make a most unfavorable impression upon the natives, and are a sad comment upon the purity of life that the foreign missionary ever exhorts the native to follow. It is not uncommon for the native listener to reply to the preacher and say, "Teacher, I see your own people do not follow their own doctrine."

I look back over thirty-five years, twenty in China, of close knowledge of and touch with this great Empire and its wonderful people, and so far as Governments, trade, and persons are concerned, I see brutality, greed, and the most bitter wrongs ever perpetrated against a people. After years of absence in our homeland, we recently returned and made a twenty-eight-thousand-mile tour through China, Japan, and Korea. I earnestly hoped to find an improvement in the manners of foreigners in China, but I found only the usual exceptions, and I have ever been grateful for them; but cuffs and kicks and abuse and immorality still prevailed, while the "Great Powers" had grown more impudently insulting in their greedy projects; and in all that great tour I breathed the air of a coming struggle, and returned home to declare it certain in the near future. It is here!

I said the missionary factor was in the trouble, and the causes are not fully stated without referring to it. There are missionaries and missionaries. Protestant missionaries have gone to China, have done their work humbly and patientlyhave not forced their way-have established schools, colleges, printing-presses, newspapers, orphanages, industrial homes,

have translated books, and done every; thing to enlighten and lift up a people who have already a literary aristocracy. And I wish to emphasize one fact. The Protestant missionary always holds all of his institutions open to full and free inspection; he seeks the fullest examination, and welcomes and treats with all courtesy all visitors, whether official or from among the common people; and we have the results in the increasing friendship of gentry and officials and their large contributions to our school buildings and the sons of many in our schools. But there is a missionary organization in China-that of the Roman Catholics which follows very different methods, and in consequence stirs up great evil feeling, prejudice, and suspicion. No open door invites the general visitor. No official would be or is permitted to go all through an orphanage or nunnery. High walls, barred gates, and closed doors are not peacemakers anywhere-much less in a heathen country, where people do not understand such methods. The Catholics are mainly French Jesuits, and France stands firmly behind them, ready to present to the Chinese Government and enforce all the demands of the "Fathers," and they are by no means modest in their demands. The Rev. C. Frin, S. J., of the Catholic Mission of Kiangnau, says: "To get a true idea of one of our mission centers, in the districts where there have been robber bands, picture to yourself every Christian village as a small stronghold, fortified at every point of vantage. In the center stands the residence of the commander, who is none other than the missionary. This residence is a regular citadel, surrounded by high walls and flanked at its corners by four towers well fortified. There are no doors. The going in and out is effected by means of ladders which are each time drawn back within. During the day the Father attends to his duties and the Chinese to their work. At nightfall every one is at home again, and if danger has been sig naled they all retire within their forts, sentries being appointed to keep watch from the towers. At the first cry of alarm the men are up in arms, and the Father directs the defense."

Mr. Frin declares that this arrangement pleases the native officials. This is far

from correct. The power to do work such as the above-which cannot be duplicated in any Protestant mission in the world-is due to the following concession secured through the French Minister's pressure upon the Central Peking Government. Let Bishop Alphonse Favier, of Tientsin, tell us in his recent report of his territory what they compelled the Chinese Government to grant to them. I quote: "Early in 1897 the Catholic Chinese were under persecution, and at that time the Imperial Government gave consent to the authorities in France to have the propagation of the Catholic religion authorized and churches built in all the provinces of China." Now comes the very objectionable and, to people and officials, justly offensive forced grant to the Catholics : "The Imperial Government issued a decree entitling Bishops to the same rank as Viceroys and Governors and extending their privileges, in their absence, to the priests whom they leave in charge." Again, a world of mischief and trouble is in the following. I quote from the Bishop: "The object of the decree was to allow missionaries to settle local disputes with the natives rather than appeal to the Chinese Government or the home Government." Here we have the clutch and grasp of the "temporal power" with a vengeance. Behold the Christian Catholic Bishop holding court, examining witnesses, sentencing, punishing at his pleasure, ever favoring, as we too sadly know, his natives against the heathen and to him the worse Protestant heretic. The state, retinue, and power taken on by these political ecclesiastical Governors, Viceroys, and Mayors leave little chance for native officials, and make woes many for the native heretics and their Protestant missionaries, who, after serious consideration, declined the opportunity of such temporal power, as altogether contrary to the spirit and history of Protestantism. I declare here and now that this demand so plausibly put for temporal power, with much else that might be told, has been no small factor in widespread irritation among officials and people; and woe be to the poor native Protestant if his Catholic neighbor has a grudge against him! he is easily brought before the Bishop Governor, and as easily consigned to jail!

Now in conclusion. Suppose we try to