As we have seen, work life has changed home life so greatly that thousands of people have to live in hotels and boardinghouses, eat in restaurants, buy food from bakeries, send their clothing to public laundries, read in public libraries, and entertain their friends in clubs. One of the many laws made necessary by such changes in home conditions is illustrated

Unless the home is protected from fire, burglars, and intruders families will not work hard to earn books, rare rugs, and comfortable furniture

by the law passed by one state dealing with bakeries and bakery products. This law included such requirements as the following:

The floors, walls, and ceilings of every bakery, the equipment used in the handling or preparation of bakery products or their ingredients, and the wagons, boxes, baskets, and other receptacles in which bakery products are transported, shall be kept by the owner or operator of the bakery or by the distributor of said products in a clean and sanitary condition and at all times free from dust, flies, and other contaminating matter.

No owner or operator of a bakery shall require or permit any person affected with any contagious, infectious, or other disease or physical ailment which may render such employment detrimental to the public health . . . to work therein.

No ingredient shall be used in any bakery product likely to deceive the consumer or which lessens its nutritive value without being plainly labeled, branded, or tagged, or having a sign making plain to the purchaser or consumer the actual ingredients.

27. The Home and the Community. As we pointed out in Chapter IV, most of the laws which affect the people both at work and at home are made by the state, not by the community. The voters of every community, however, help choose representatives to make these state laws. They also elect local officials such as village trustees, or selectmen, or aldermen, who make the laws of the community. Because of the importance of the community, it is discussed more at length later.

PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES

1. Read the chapter through as a whole and make a brief résumé of it. 2. Copy the following outline in your loose-leaf civics notebook, leaving one or two blank leaves after each filled sheet, on which to set down the facts gleaned. Perhaps a somewhat different outline will be better for your community. If so, let a committee of the class be appointed to prepare one.

OUTLINE FOR STUDY OF THE HOME

I. Advantages of Owning a Home.

Show that home-owners are

1. Not at the mercy of the landlord.

2. Have a definite reason for taking a part in community affairs. 3. Can borrow on a home that is owned and cannot on one that is rented. II. The House and its Exterior.

1. The house should be attractive to look at from every angle; that is, the back yard should be as attractive as the side yard. Find pictures of the right kind and the wrong kind of back yards and side yards. Show how a few dollars' worth of shrubbery will make marvelous changes. Show also the value of latticework covered with vines. Use the camera if possible.

2. Fences are not obsolete, but must be kept in good condition. Make a drawing to show the right and wrong kind of fences.

3. Shade trees add to the value of property, but should not be allowed to exclude all sunlight from the home. Make a simple study of the shade trees of your community; find out

a. Where young trees can be purchased.

b. Cost of buying.

c. Length of time required to grow to shade dimensions.

d. Care necessary.

e. Pests to which they are subject. How to prevent and how to exterminate. (Write to your state university, or to the agricultural department of your state, or to the Department of Agriculture at Washington.)

f. How they may be set out to best advantage.

4. The right kind of piazza can contribute to health and comfort,
especially where there are young children. What is the best loca-
tion for a piazza? What is the cost of a screened-in porch? In
what way does a piazza bring the family nearer the community?
5. A vegetable or flower garden requires careful planning. Show that
a. The vegetable garden may be made a thrift device, or a patriotic
device, or a health device, or all three.

b. The flower garden may be made a means of outdoor exercise and
of beautifying the interior of the house, as well as of giving
pleasure to neighbors and passers-by.

III. The House and its Different Rooms.

1. Bring to class a plan of the kind of home you would like to live in. Be ready to draw all or any part of this on the blackboard.

2. The living-room is the principal family meeting place. Tell what takes place in the living-room. Do the living-rooms that you are most familiar with have bookshelves, a convenient table, easy-chairs, and working-chairs? What other features, such as fireplace, plants, rugs, pictures, do they have?

3. The dining-room is the second most important room. The meal at night—whether supper or dinner-is the real family meal. Discuss these suggestions for the evening meal:

a. Make the evening meal each day a little different from that of any other.

b. Save the best stories to tell at the table.

c. Company manners should be everyday manners at the table. What are company manners?

d. Take turns in serving. Take turns in being hostess.

e. When table decorations are suitable.

f. Have at least one attractive picture in the dining-room, but never of food. The evening mealtime is usually a leisurely occasion, and the right picture will add greatly to the pleasure of the hour.

4. The old-fashioned kitchen was a family room, but the modern kitchen is chiefly a workshop.

a. Discuss the need of convenient arrangement.

b. In most cases are all the members of a family represented in the kitchen?

c. Why is the refrigerator one of the most important parts of a kitchen?

d. What is the outlook from the windows?

5. The bedroom is often the one room in which each person can do as he pleases. Discuss the various ways in which a person's tastes and hobbies can be expressed.

6. The bathroom should be considered from the point of view of cleanliness and thrift. What about floors, walls, heating, supply of hot water?

7. Clothes closets make for convenience and orderliness. Explain what arrangement is best suited to the ordinary family's needs.

8. Hallways usually tell the stranger what the house is. Discuss them from the point of view of convenience and attractiveness.

9. Inspect your cellar, note the following, and suggest improvements: a. Windows. c. Stored-away articles.

b. Rubbish.

IV. Making the Home Attractive.

d. Furnace and ash cans.

Explain how the following items may make for attractiveness:

1. Exterior paint, yard, trees, shrubbery, piazza.

2. Interior: windows, wall paper, draperies, furniture, fireplaces, books, pictures, flowers.

V. The Home Spirit.

1. When do all the members of the family come together? Describe an ordinary evening of the home.

2. Does the family have special evenings just for the home peoplegames, music, talks? What about birthdays and holidays?

3. What periodicals come into the home regularly? What is done with the old periodicals?

4. What are the events outside of work that take the different members of the family away from the home?

5. Discuss the fact that success in the outside world depends largely on the ability to meet and mingle with people easily.

6. Show that the spirit of service can be cultivated in the home better than anywhere else.

VI. The Home and the Community.

1. How many members of the family earn their living? What is the work? How does this work life affect the plans of the household -hours for meals, etc.?

2. In what ways do all the members of the family come in contact with the business side of the community (bank, post office, stores, etc.)?

3. In what ways can the home aid the community through the church?
4. What amusements and recreations are obtained outside the home?
5. What does the house you live in add to the attractiveness of the

community?

6. What entertaining is done in the home? Give ways in which this can be done successfully.

7. How can every family have a say in the community affairs that affect their homes?

8. Discuss hospitality.

VII. Substitute Homes.

1. Learn as much as possible about the hotels and boarding-houses of the community. Who uses them? What home features do they have?

2. If your community has an orphan home or any special home for the sick or unfortunate, find out (a) who supports it, (b) whether it is attractive, (c) in what ways it is like a private home.

VIII. Home Democracy.

1. Emphasize independence within the home-never so great anywhere
else. Contrast life in a boarding-house or hotel in this respect.
2. It will be helpful to study different types of homes and note that
a. Every family has a leader.

b. Every family has to coöperate in many ways.

c. Every member of the family has certain rights and certain duties. d. In case of emergency everybody's rights are curtailed.

IX. A Home Map.

I. In connection with Chapter I outline maps of your community were prepared. On one of these insert the homes of your community (or neighborhood). Show where hotels, boarding-houses, crowded tenements, single houses, etc. are located. Sketch in roughly places of work, surrounding hills or fields, etc. Try to show what an aeroplane would reveal of the home part of your community.

3. A citizen of Philadelphia boasted that his city was a "city of homes" because more than half the population live in single dwellings. Explain why it is easier to make the right kind of homes of "single dwellings" than of four-tenement and five-tenement houses.

4. Has anything like the following ever been true of your city or of any city with which you are familiar?.

In a tenement visited "two rooms on the top floor were given up to the raising of fowls, and the floors and parts of the walls were covered with filth; in another house the door from the inside cellar stairs was pushed open during an inspection and a goat stalked in; in yet another chickens were kept in a fenced-in corner of a third-story room used at the same time as a kitchen and a bedroom."