at the same time, one of the most ancient places on the Ægæan sea. From this place the Cumæan Sibyl took her name. Hesiod was born here. According to Strabo, the inhabitants of Cuma were considered as somewhat deficient in talent. CUMÆ, a very ancient city in Campania, and the oldest colony of the Greeks in Italy, was founded about 1030 B. C. by Chalcis of Euboea, and peopled by Asiatic Cumans and by Phocians. The common belief of the inhabitants made it the residence of the Cumaan sibyl, though her home was really in Asia. (See the preceding article.) The Grotto of Truth was situated in the wood sacred to the goddess Trivia, and in its neighborhood was the Acherusian lake. In this region Cicero had a country-seat. Cuma had a considerable territory, and a naval force in her port, Puteoli. She founded Naples (Neapolis), and, in Sicily, Zancle or Messina. In 420 B. C., Cuma was taken by the Campanians, and came with them under the power of Rome (345 B. C.). It was destroyed A. D. 1207. CUMANA; a province of Colombia, bounded N. and E. by the Caribbean sea, S. by the Orinoco. In the western part, towards the coast, the soil is tolerably fertile. The eastern part is dry and sandy, affording nothing but an inexhaustible mine of marine and mineral salt. On the Orinoco, the country is fit only for pasturage other parts are exceedingly fertile. In the interior is a range of mountains, of which Tumeriquisi, the most elevated, is 5900 feet high. CUMANA, OF NEW CORDOVA; a town of Colombia, and capital of a province of the same name; lon. 64° 10′ W.; lat 10° 28′ N.: population, estimated by Humboldt at 18 or 19,000; by Depons, at 24,000. It is situated near the mouth of the gulf of Cariaco, about a mile from the sea, on an arid, sandy plain. The climate is hot, earthquakes are frequent, and the houses low, and lightly built. On the 14th Dec., 1797, more than three fourths of them were destroyed by an earthquake. The inhabitants carry on a considerable trade in cacao, and other productions of the country. The road is commodious for its depth, and of a semicircular form, which defends it from the violence of the winds. CUMBERLAND, duke of; second son of George II of England; born in 1721, and died Oct. 30, 1765. At the battle of Dettingen, he was wounded, when fighting at the side of his father. At Fontenoy, he was compelled to yield to the superior experience of marshal Saxe; but rose in reputation by subduing the insurrection in Scotland, caused by the landing of Charles Edward Stuart (see Culloden and Edward), 1745; which, however, was more in consequence of the discord and irresolution prevailing in the camp of his brave antagonists, than from any distinguished talent exhibited by him. Charles Edward, when only two days' march from London, commenced his retreat into Scotland from Carlisle (January, 1746), and was completely defeated (April, 1746) at Culloden. (q. v.) The duke obscured his fame by the cruel abuse which he made, or suffered his soldiers to make, of the victory; which was the more dishonorable, as the followers of the pretender, on their march through the Scotch Lowlands and in England, had evinced the greatest humanity and forbearance. In 1747, Cumberland was defeated by marshal Saxe, at Lafeld. In 1757, he lost the battle of Hastenbeck, against D'Estrées, and, Sept. 8, concluded the convention at Closter-Seven, upor which he was recalled, and Ferdinand, duke of Brunswick, received the command of the allied army. CUMBERLAND (Ernest Augustus), duke of, brother to George IV, king of England, fourth son of George III, was born June 5, 1771. The duke has almost always lived abroad, and is little known in England, except for his unsuccessful attempt to obtain an addition to his stipend, after he had married Frederica Sophia Carolina, daughter of the duke of Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and widow of the prince of Solins. He generally resides at Berlin, where he leads a dissipated life. son, George Frederic Alexander Charles Ernest Augustus, was born May 27, 1819. When the duke was in England, in 1815, his wife was not admitted at court. His CUMBERLAND, Richard, a dramatic and miscellaneous writer, son of the reverend Denison Cumberland, bishop of Clonfert, by the daughter of doctor Bentley, was born in the master's lodge, in Trinity college, Cambridge, Feb. 19, 1732. He received his early education at Westminster, and, in his 14th year, was admitted of Trinity college, where he studied very closely, and obtained his bachelor's degree at the age of 18, and soon after was elected fellow. He became private secretary to lord Halifax, and made his first offering to the press in a small poem, entitled an Elegy written on St. Mark's Eve, which obtained but little notice. entitled the Banishment of Cicero was rejected by Garrick, and printed by the author in 1761. In 1769, lie was married, His tragedy CUMBERLAND-CUNDINAMARCA. and, his patron being made lord-lieutenant of Ireland, he accompanied him to that kingdom. When lord Halifax became secretary of state, he procured nothing better for Cumberland than the clerkship of reports in the office of trade and plantations. In the course of the next two or three years, he wrote an opera, entitled the Summer's Tale, and his comedy of the Brothers. His West Indian, which was brought out by Garrick in 1771, proved eminently successful. The Fashionable Lover not obtaining the success of the West Indian, he exhibited that soreness of character which exposed him to the satire of Sheridan, in his sketch of Sir Fretful Plagiary, and which induced Garrick to call him the man without a skin. The Choleric Man, the Note of Hand, and the Battle of Hastings, were his next productions. On the accession of lord George Germaine to office, he was made secretary to the board of trade. In 1780, he was employed on a confidential mission to the courts of Lisbon and Madrid, which, owing to some dissatisfaction on the part of the ministry, involved him in great distress, as they withheld the reimbursement of his expenses to the amount of £5000, which rendered it necessary for him to dispose of the whole of his hereditary property. To add to his misfortune, the board of trade was broken up, and he retired with a very inadequate pension, and devoted himself entirely to literature. The first works which he published, after his return from Spain, were his entertaining Anecdotes of Spanish Painters, and the most distinguished of his collection of essays, entitled the Observer. To these may be added the novels of Arundel, Henry, and John de Lancaster, the poem of Calvary, the Exodiad (in conjunction with sir James Bland Burgess), and, lastly, a poem called Retrospection, and the Mcmoirs of his own Life. He also edited the London Review, in which the critics gave their names, and which soon expired. His latter days were chiefly spent in London, where he died, May 7, 1811. The comic drama was his forte; and, although he wrote much, even of comedy, that was very indifferent, the merit of the West Indian, the Fashionable Lover, the Jew, and the Wheel of Fortune, is of no common description. His Observer, since his acknowledgment of his obligations to doctor Bentley's manuscripts, no longer supports his reputation as a Greek critic; and as a poet, he was never more than a versifier. CUMBERLAND; a post-town, and capital 77 of Alleghany county, Maryland, on the Potomac, at the junction of Will's creek, 70 miles W. Hagerstown, 130 E. S. E. Wheeling, 150 W. by N. Baltimore. It is a considerable town, and contains a courthouse, a jail, a market-house, a bank, and four houses of public worship—one for Lutherans, one for Roman Catholics, one for Methodists, and one built jointly by the Presbyterians and Episcopalians. The mountains in the vicinity abound in stonecoal, great quantities of which are transported down the Potomac in flat and keel boats. The Cumberland or Great Western road extends from this town to the banks of the Ohio at Wheeling. It was made by the government of the U. States, at the expense of $1,800,000; and a survey has been made from thence to the Mississippi, 600 miles farther. CUMBERLAND MOUNTAINS, in Tennes see. The range commences in the S. W. part of Pennsylvania, and, in Virginia, it takes the name of Laurel mountain, passes through the S. E. part of Kentucky, and terminates in Tennessee, 80 miles S. E. Nashville. A considerable portion of this mountain in Tennessee is composed of stupendous piles of craggy rocks. It is thinly covered with trees, and has springs impregnated with alum. Lime-stone is found on both sides of it. CUMBERLAND; a river which rises in the Cumberland mountains, Virginia, and runs through Kentucky and Tennessee into the Ohio, 60 miles from the Mississippi. It is navigable for steam-boats to Nashville, near 200 miles, and for boats of 15 tons, 300 miles farther. At certain seasons, vessels of 400 tons may descend 400 miles, to the Ohio. CUMMAZEE, or COOMASSIE; a town of Africa, capital of Ashantee; 120 miles N. N. W. Cape Coast Castle; lon. 2° 6′ W. ; lat. 6° 30′ N.: population estimated by Mr. Bowdich, in 1818, at 15,000; stated by the inhabitants at 100,000. It is situated in a vale, surrounded by an unbroken mass of the deepest verdure. Four of the principal streets are half a mile long, and from 50 to 100 yards broad. The houses are low and small, of a square or oblong form, composed of canes wattled together, and plastered with clay and sand. The town has considerable trade. The king's harem is said to contain 3333 women! CUNDINAMARCA; the northern part of New Grenada. It forms a department of the republic of Colombia, and comprehends the provinces of Bogotá, Antioquia, Mariquita and Neiva, with 371,000 inhabitants. The chief place is Santa Fe de Bogotá. 78 CUNERSDORF-CUPOLA. Cunersdorf; a village near Frankfort on the Oder, known on account of the bloody battle in which Frederic the Great was defeated, Aug. 12, 1759. It is only about 50 miles distant from Berlin, his capital. Opposed to him were the Russians under Soltikoff, and the Austrians under Laudon. Victory seemed, at first, likely to declare in favor of Frederic, but, eventually, he lost all his artillery and 20,000 men. (See Seven Years' War.) The king at first gave up all hope, but soon recovered his spirits, when Soltikoff, with inconceivable tardiness, neglected to follow up his victory. CUPEL; a shallow earthen vessel, somewhat resembling a cup, from which it derives its name. It is formed of boneashes, and is extremely porous. It is used in assays, to separate the precious metals from their alloys. The process of cupellation consists in fusing an alloy of a precious metal, along with a quantity of lead, in a cupel. The lead is extremely susceptible of oxidation, and, at the same time, it promotes the oxidation of other metals, and vitrifies with their oxides. The foreign metals are thus removed; the vitrified matter is absorbed by the cupel, or is driven off by the blast of the bellows, as it collects on the surface; and the precious metal at length remains nearly pure. CUPELLATION. (See Cupel.) CUPICA; a seaport and bay of Colombia, on the S. E. side of Panama, following the coast of the Pacific ocean, from cape St. Miguel to cape Corrientes. This is thought by Humboldt the most favorable point for connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans by a canal. From the bay of Cupica, there is a passage of only 15 or 18 miles, over a country quite level, and suited to a canal, to the head of navigation of the river Naipi, a branch of the river Atrato, which flows into the Atlantic. Gogueneche, a Biscayan pilot, is said to have first pointed out this spot as almost the only place where the chain of the Andes is completely interrupted, and a canal thus made practicable. CUPID; a celebrated deity among the ancients; the god of love, and love itself. There are different traditions concerning his parents. Cicero mentions three Cupids; one, son of Mercury and Diana; another, son of Mercury and Venus; and the third, son of Mars and Venus. Plato mentions two. Hesiod, the most ancient theogonist, speaks only of one, who, as he says, was produced at the same time as Chaos and the Earth. There are, accord ing to the more received opinions, twe Cupids, one of whom is a lively, ingenious youth, son of Jupiter and Venus, whilst the other, son of Nox and Erebus, is distinguished by his debauchery and riotous disposition. Cupid is represented as a winged infant, naked, armed with a bow, and a quiver full of arrows. On gems and all other antiques, he is represented as amusing himself with some childish diversion. Sometimes he appears driving a hoop, throwing a quoit, playing with a nymph, catching a butterfly, or with a lighted torch in his hand. At other times, he plays upon a horn before his mother, or closely embraces a swan, or, with one foot raised in the air, he, in a musing posture, seems to meditate some trick. Sometimes, like a conqueror, he marches triumphantly, with a helmet ou his head, a spear on his shoulder, and a buckler on his arm, intimating that even Mars himself owns the superiority of love. His power was generally shown by his riding on the back of a lion, or on a dolphin, or breaking to pieces the thunder-bolts of Jupiter. Among the ancients, he was worshipped with the same solennity as his mother, Venus, and his influence was extended over the heavens, the sea, and the earth, and even the empire of the dead. His divinity was universally acknowledged, and vows, prayers and sacrifices were daily offered to him. According to some accounts, the union of Cupid with Chaos gave birth to men, and all the animals which inhabit the earth; and even the gods themselves were the offspring of love, before the foundation of the world. (Sec Amor.) CUPOLA (Ital.), in architecture; a hemispherical roof, often used as the summit of a building. The Italian word cupola signifies a hemispherical roof, which covers a circular building, like the Pantheon at Rome, and the round temple at Tivoli. Many of the ancient Roman temples were circular; and the most natural form for a roof for such a building was that of a half globe, or a cup reversed. The invention, or at least the first use, of the cupola belongs to the Romans; and it has never been used with greater effect than by them. The greater part of modern cupolas (unlike those of the ancients, which are mostly hemispherical) are semi-elliptical, cut through their shortest diameter. The ancients seldom had any other opening than a large circle in the centre, called the eye of the cupola; while the moderns elevate lanterns on their top, and perforate them with luthern and dormant win CUPOLA-CURDS. dows, and other disfigurements. The ancients constructed their cupolas of stone; the moderns, of timber, covered with lead or copper. Of cupolas, the finest, without any comparison, ancient or modern, is that of the Rotundo or Pantheon at Rome. Of modern constructions, some of the handsomest are the cupola on the bank of England, that of St. Peter's at Rome, those of St. Paul's, London, the Hotel des Invalides, and the church of St. Genevieve at Paris, Santa Maria da Fiori at Florence, and St. Sophia at Constantinople. CURAÇAO; an island in the Caribbean sea, about 75 miles from the continent of South America, belonging to the Netherlands; 30 miles long, and 10 broad; producing sugar and tobacco, also large and small cattle; but not generally fertile. It has several good ports, particularly one on the southern coast, called St. Barbara, where a great trade was formerly carried on by the Dutch in African slaves. Lon. 69° 26' W.; lat. 12° N.; population, 8500. The principal towns are Curaçao and Williamstadt. The city of Curaçao is well situated, and elegantly built. It is full of storehouses, and provided with every species of merchandise. Williamstadt is considered the capital. CURASSOA ORANGES (aurantia curassaventia), or small oranges fallen from the tree long before their maturity, have properties similar to those of the orange-peel: they are, however, more bitter and acrid. They are used in the U. States and in England for the same purposes as the orange-peel, and also as issue peas. CURDS; a wandering people, divided into many tribes, and dwelling in the country which lies between the foot of nount Caucasus and the Black sea, and stretches to the sources of the Tigris and Euphrates. Their incursions into the Russian territories have been checked by the troops on the frontier, and they have preferred to leave Persia rather than to become settled and tributary to the shah. They are Mohammedans, but neither of the Turkish nor Persian sect. The most unprincipled part of the Curds are the Yezides, who esteem the plunder of caravans, murder, theft and incest lawful. There are no Armenian Christians among this people, who, in spite of the repeated demands of the pacha, have never paid to the Porte either poll-tax or taxes on their property (miri). They, however, sometimes propose to the Porte the persons whom they wish as pachas and beys, and the Porte has never failed to comply with their request. It is said that the Curds 79 are descended from the Usbeck Tartars or from the Mongols; but their externa! appearance is very unlike that of the TarThe Curds wear a cloak of black tars. goatskin, and, instead of a turban, a high, The Turkish dress is never red cap. wom, because they consider that it would mark them as vassals of the sultan. The the old young men wear mustachios The men suffer their beards to grow. Curd is a good rider, and uses his lance with skill. He is fond of music, and singin ballads the exploits of his nation. There are some of this people settled in the plains of Armenia, but no branch acknowledges itself tributary to the Porte. If the winter among the highlands proves too cold for the wild mountain Curd, he descends to these plains, and lives in low tents of dark, coarse linen. An enclosure made of reeds, near his tent, surrounds the place where he keeps his cattle, which he has brought from the mountains. This people, who live by plunder, respect the rights of hospitality, and usually make their guest some present when he departs. The patriarchal authority of parents is very great. A son never marries without their consent. Although otherwise so deficient in moral principle, they believe that no one can refuse the request of an unfortunate man without being punished by God. Mithridates, king of Pontus, took advantage of this belief to supply the losses of his army in his wars with the Romans. The more wonderful the escapes of th unfortunate individual, the more confident are they that he will experience a change of fortune. On this account, these mountains are the refuge of the enemies of the Turkish pachas; and they often return from them more formidable than they were before. Pottage, milk and honey form the principal food of the Curds. They drive annually to Constantinople alone 1,500,000 sheep, and goats in flocks of 1500-2000, the shepherds being from 15 to 18 months on the road, in going and returning. Northern Curdistan produces grain, sulphur and alum: the southern and warmer parts of the country produce corn, rice, sesamum, fruits, cotton, tobacco. honey, wax, mama and gall-nuts, exported by the way of Smyrna. Curdistan has sangiacks at Bayazid, Mouch, Van, Julamerk, Amadia, Suleihmaniel, Kara-Djiolan and Zahou. Of all these sangiacks, the Porte appoints only that of Van. Each sangiack governs a number of the tribes of his nation, who obey his commands in war, but are wholly independent of him in time of peace. The Chris tians, who constitute the principal population of the plains of Armenia, suffer every year from the incursions of the Curds, and, the Porte being unable to protect them, they are compelled continually to remove farther to the south, where they are also liable to be plundered by the Bedouins or Wechabites. Their only hope is in the increasing power of the Russian army on the Turkish, Curdish and Persian frontiers, and in the expectation that the Russians will at last put an end to the robberies of the Turks and the oppression of the pachas. CURETES. (See Corybantes.) CURIA, PAPAL, is a collective appellation of all the authorities in Rome, which exercise the rights and privileges which the pope enjoys as first bishop, superintendent and pastor of Roman Catholic Christendom. The right to grant or confirm ecclesiastical appointments is exercised by the dataria. (q. v.) This body receives petitions, draws up answers, and collects the revenues of the pope for the pallia, spolia, benefices, annates, &c. It is a lucrative branch of the papal government, and part of the receipts go to the apostolic chamber. There is more difficulty attending the business of the rota (q. v.), the high court of appeal. In former times, the cardinal grand penitentiary, as president of the penitenzieria, had a very great influence. He issues all dispensations and absolutions in respect to vows, penances, fasts, &c., in regard to which the pope has reserved to himself the dispensing power; also with respect to marriages within the degrees prohibited to Catholics. Besides these authorities, whose powers extend over all Catholic Christendom, there are, in Rome, several others, occupied only with the government of the Roman state; as the sagra consulta, the chief criminal court, in which the cardinal secretary of state presides; the signatura di giustizia, a court for civil cases, consisting of 12 prelates, over which the cardinalprovveditore, or minister of justice of the pope, presides, and with which the signatura di grazia concurs; the apostolic chamber, in which 12 prelates are employed, under the cardinale camerlingo, administering the property of the church and the papal domains, and receiving the revenue which belongs to the pope as temporal and spiritual sovereign of the Roman state; also that which he derives from other countries which stand immediately under him, and are his fiefs. Besides these, there is a number of governors, prefects, procuratori, &c., in the different branches of the administration. The drawing up of bulls, answers and decrees, which are issued by the pope himself, or by these authorities, is done by the papal chancery, consisting of a vice-chancellor and 12 abbreviatori (q. v.), assisted by several hundred secretaries: the breves only are excepted, and are drawn up by a particular cardinal. All these offices are filled by clergymen; and many of them are so lucrative, that considerable sums are paid for them, somewhat in the same manner as commissions are purchased in: the English army. At the death of Sixtus V, there existed 4000 venal offices of this kind; but this number has since been diminished, and many abuses have been abolished. The highest council of the pope, corresponding, in some measure, to the privy council of a monarch, is the college of the cardinals, convened whenever the pope thinks fit. The sessions of this senate, which presides over all the other authorities in Rome, are called consistories. They are of three different kinds. The secret consistory is held, generally, twice a month, after the pope has given private audience to every cardinal. In these sessions, bishops are elected, pallia granted, ecclesiastical and political affairs of importance transacted, and resolutions adopted on the reports of the congregations delegated by the consistory: beatifications and canonizations also originate in this body. Different from the secret consistories are the semi-secret ones, whose deliberations relate principally to politica! affairs, and the results of them are communicated to the ambassadors of foreign powers. The public consistories are seldom held, and are, principally, ceremonial assemblies: in these the pope receives ambassadors, and makes known important resolutions, canonizations, establishments of orders, &c. According to rule, all cardinals residing in Rome should take part in the consistories; but, in point of fact, no one appears without being especially summoned by the pope. The pope, if able to do so, always presides in person, and the cardinal secretary of state (who is minister of the interior and of foreig affairs) is always present, as are likewise the cardinals presidents of the authorities. At present, there are 22 congregations of cardinals at Rome: 1. the holy Roman and general inquisition, or holy office (santo officio); 2. visita apostolica; 3. consistoriale; 4. vescovi regolari; 5. de concilio (tridentino); 6. residenza di vescovi; 7. immunita ecclesiastica; 8. propaganda; 9. indici (of prohibited books); 10. sagri riti |