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rial orator, his claims were but secondary; nor as a political writer is he entitled to much distinction. Many of Erskine's speeches at the bar have been published under the following titles: Speeches of the Hon. Thomas Erskine, now Lord Erskine, when at the Bar, on Subjects connected with the Liberty of the Press and against Constructive Treasons, in 4 vols. 2d edition, London, 1813; and Speeches of Lord Erskine, when at the Bar, on Miscellaneous Subjects, 1810, by Ridgway. David Montague, the eldest of his sons, now lord Erskine, was for some time minister plenipotentiary to the U. States, and afterwards resident at the court of Würtemberg.

ERUPTION, in medicine; a sudden and copious excretion of humors, and the same with exanthema, or breaking out; as the pustules of the plague, small-pox, measles, &c. ERWIN OF STEINBACH; a celebrated architect in the 13th century. (See Strasburg, Minster of.)

ERYNGO (eryngium); a genus of plants, belonging to the natural order umbelliferæ. The species are herbaceous, and have something of the aspect of the thistle; the leaves are alternate, simple or divided, and are furnished with spines on their margins; the flowers arc sessile, often of a bluish color, capitate, and surrounded by a common receptacle. The E. campestre was formerly much employed in Europe as a tonic, and as proper to excite appetite; but its virtues are feeble, and it has now gone out of use, except as a sweetmeat. Several species of eryngium inhabit the southern and south-western parts of the U. States, and one is found as far north as Philadelphia.

ERYSIPELAS (from puw, I draw, and Teλas, adjoining; named from the neighboring parts being affected by the eruption); the rose, or St. Anthony's fire. This disease is an inflammatory affection, principally of the skin, when it makes its appearance externally, and of the mucous membrane, when it is seated internally; and is more liable to attack women and children, and those of an irritable habit, than those of a plethoric and robust constitution. Erysipelas sometimes returns periodically, attacking the patient once or twice a year, or even once every month; and then, by its repeated attacks, it often gradually exhausts the strength, especially if the patient be old and of a bad habit. Every part of the body is equally liable to it; but it more frequently appears on the face, legs and feet, than any where else, when seated externally. It is brought on

by all the causes that are apt to excite inflammation, such as injuries of all kinds, the external application of stimulants, exposure to cold, and obstructed perspiration; and it may likewise be occasioned by a certain matter generated within the body, and thrown out on its surface. A particular state of the atmosphere seems sometimes to render it epidemical. A species of erysipelatous inflammation, which most usually attacks the trunk of the body, is that vulgarly known by the name of shingles, being a corruption of the French word ceingle, which implies a belt. Instead of appearing a uniform inflamed surface, it consists of a number of little pimples extending round the body a little above the umbilicus, which have vesicles formed on them in a short time. Little or no danger ever attends this species of erysipelas.

ERZERUM, OF ARZERUM, or ARZ-ROUM (anciently Arze); a city and the capital of Turkish Armenia, or Turcomania, and also of a pachalic to which it gives name; 250 miles N. N. E. of Aleppo, 510 E. by S. of Constantinople; lon. 40° 57′ E. ; lat. 39° 58′ N.; population, according to Hassel, Cannabich, Malte-Brun, &c., only 25,000. According to the Edinburgh Gazetteer, 100,000, or 130,000. Mr. Morier, who visited this city in 1808, gives the following estimate: Turkish families, 50,000; Armenian, 4 or 5000; Greek, 100; Persians living in a caravansary, about 1000. Mr. Morier mentions, that from the original estimate he deducted more than one third of the number of Turkish families; but the reduced statement, at the rate of five persons to a family, makes the Turkish population amount to 250,000. It is an Armenian archbishop's and Greek bishop's see. Erzerum is situated near the head of the Euphrates, on a rising ground, at the base of a chain of mountains, which are usually covered with snow. The climate is healthy, but the cold in winter intense. It is surrounded by a double stone wall, with four gates. It is well built; the houses generally of stone, with rafters of wood, and terraced, having grass growing on the tops, and sheep and calves feeding there; so that, when seen from a distance, the roofs of the houses can hardly be distinguished from the plain at their foundation. The streets are mostly paved, the bazars are spacious and well stocked, and the place exhibits an appearance of much industry. It contains about 100 mosques, 1 Greek and 2 Armenian churches, and 16 baths. It has considerable manufactures, and an extensive trade in copper, and articles from

Persia, and countries north-west of Hindostan. It is a very ancient town; the inhabitants date its foundation from the time of Noah. Population of the pachalic, according to Hassel, 300,000. Square miles, 21,400.

ERZGEBIRGE (German; meaning the ore mountains); a chain of mountains running between Saxony and Bohemia, till they meet the Riesengebirge, on the frontiers of Silesia. The highest summits, which are on the side of Saxony, rise to 3800 or 3900 feet above the level of the sea. The Erzgebirge consist chiefly of the gneiss granite formation, and in this the principal beds of ore are to be found. Masses of porphyry and basalt are found on and in this formation. Towards Saxony, beds of clay slate rest on the granite and gneiss; and above the clay slate are granite and syenite. Towards Bohemia, the primitive formation is covered for a considerable extent by brown coal mountains, and the remainder by clay slate. These mountains are rich in mines of silver, iron, copper, lead, cobalt, arsenic, &c. Erzgebirge is also the name of one of the five circles of the kingdom of Saxony, comprising 2456 square miles, with 450 to 500,000 inhabitants. The whole circle is one of the most industrious in Germany. Mining occupies more than 12,000 of the people. Freiberg, Annaberg, Schneeberg, &c., have become important by means of the neighboring silver and tin mines, the smelting works, the manufactories of arsenic and of a blue color from cobalt. The Erzgebirge is the chief manufacturing district in Saxony. Annaberg is the chief seat of the lacemaking business. There are manufactories of calico, cloth, stockings, arms, needles, gold and silver lace, of flax and wool, and cotton. Chemnitz and Zwickau, towns in this circle, carry on an active business in the sale of the manufactured goods, which are exported to many parts of the world.

Es, or Eis (s or is); a Greek preposition, signifying to. It has been added, in the Romaic language, to several geographical names, and has contributed to corrupt the ancient names; for instance, Setines, the modern name of Athens, is formed from es Athinai, to Athens; Stives, for es Thivai, to Thebes; Istamboul, or Stamboul (Constantinople), for es tin polin, literally translated, to the city.

ESCALADE, in war; a furious attack of a wall or a rampart, carried on with ladders, to pass the ditch or mount the rampart, without proceeding in form, breaking

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ground, or carrying on regular works to

secure the men.

ESCAPE, in law, is where a person arrested gains his liberty before he is delivered by law. Escapes are either in civil or criminal cases; and may be distinguished into voluntary and negligent; voluntary, where it is with the consent of the keeper; negligent, where it is for want of due care. In civil cases, after the prisoner has been suffered voluntarily to escape, the sheriff can never after retake him, and must answer for the debt; but the plaintiff may retake him at any time. In the case of a negligent escape, the sheriff, upon fresh pursuit, may retake the prisoner, and the sheriff shall be excused if he has him again before any action is brought against himself for the escape. In criminal cases, an escape of a person arrested is an offence against public justice, and the party is punishable by fine and imprisonment.

ESCHEAT, in law, denotes an obstruction of the course of descent, and a consequent determination of the tenure by some unforeseen contingency; in which case, the land naturally results back to the original grantor, or lord of the fee.

ESCHENBACH, Wolfram von, who flourished in the first half of the 13th century; one of the most voluminous and also of the most distinguished German poets of the Suabian period. Of a lively imagination and penetrating spirit, rich and original in his descriptions, and a complete master of language and versification, he elevated himself to a high rank among epic poets. Nothing is known of his private circumstances, except that he belonged to a noble family, probably in the Upper Palatinate. He was knighted at Henneberg, and passed his life in the performance of the duties of chivalry, being supported by his poetical genius and the liberality of princes. He distinguished himself among the minnesingers (q. v.) of the Wartburg. Towards the end of his life, he returned to the castle of his fathers, and was buried in the church of Our Lady of Eschenbach. (See an account of him in the Museum of ancient German Literature and Art, published by Hagen, Docen and Büsching, vol. 1st.) His poems are partly original, and partly imitated from the French and Provençal literature. The most esteemed of his numerous works are, The Parcival (printed 1477, 4to., found also in Müller's Collection), the Titurell, or the Guardian of the Graale (printed in 1477, 4to.), the Margrave of Narbonne, Lohengrin (edited by Görres, Heidelberg, 1813), William

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of Orange, and Godfrey of Boulogne. Some of his poems are in the Collection of Manessi.

ESCHENBURG, John Joachim, professor in the Carolinum at Brunswick, was born at Hamburg, in 1743, and died at Brunswick, in 1820. He received his early education at Hamburg, then studied at Leipsic, under Ernesti, Gallert, Morus and Clodius, and at Göttingen, under Heyne and Michaelis. He afterwards went to Brunswick as a tutor; and, on the death of the poet Zacharias, he was appointed to the professorship in the Carolinum there-an office which he filled till his death. Germany is indebted to him for an acquaintance with many good English writers on aesthetics; for example, Brown, Webb, Burney, Fuseli (properly, Fucssly) and Hurd. Eschenburg translated their works, with valuable additions to some of them. He also published, in different periodicals, accounts of English literature, and thus contributed to make the literary treasures of England, an object of great admiration among the Germans. His most valuable work was a translation of Shakspeare (Zurich, 1755-87, 14 vols., also 1798–1806, 12 vols.). Wieland had engaged in this undertaking before Eschenburg; but the translation of the latter is the most complete which has yet been made, and is still esteemed, though inferior to Schlegel's in elegance, harmony and verbal accuracy. He extended his reputation by the publication of his lectures, delivered in the Carolinum, by his Theorie und Literatur der schönen Wissenschaften, nebst einer Beispielsammlung dazu, and by his Handbuch der classischen Literatur.

ESCHINES. (See Æschines.) ESCHYLUS. (See Eschylus.) ESCLEPIADES. (See Esclepiades.) ESCLEPIADIC. (See Esclepiadic.) EscoIQUIZ, don Juan, the confidential friend of Ferdinand VII, born in 1762, of an ancient family of Navarre, was, in his youth, page to Charles III. From an inclination for serious studies, he chose a religious in preference to a military life, and received a canonicate in the cathedral at Saragossa. His amiable qualities acquired for him many friends and patrons at court, and he was appointed instructer to the prince of Asturias. He soon succeeded in winning the favor of the prince. The courage and frankness with which he expressed himself to the king and queen in 1797, 1798, on the subject of the calamities which pressed so heavily on

The

Spain, drew upon him the enmity of the prince of peace (Godoy), who procured his banishment to Toledo. Escoiquiz sought, even in his exile, by memorials, which he sent to the king, to undeceive the royal family as to the favorite, but ineffectually. The prince of peace gained a continually increasing influence with the king, so that the prince of Asturias, in March, 1807, wrote to Escoiquiz, "that he was in fear for his crown," and "looked to him for advice and assistance." Escoiquiz immediately hastened to Madrid, where the revolting affair of the Escurial was agitated. He defended the prince of Asturias with so much ability as to effect a decided change in public opinion. When Ferdinand ascended the throne, in 1808, Escoiquiz was made counsellor of state. He advised the journey to Bayonne, and accompanied Ferdinand thither. He was present at the interview with Napoleon, who knew his influence, and labored to gain him. Escoiquiz constantly exhorted the king of Spain not to abdicate the throne, whatever consequences might ensue. abdication, however, took place, and Escoiquiz accompanied Ferdinand to Valençay, but was soon after separated from him, and removed to Bourges, where he lived in retirement four and a half years. He returned to Valençay, December, 1813, when the course of events had rendered Napoleon inclined to a reconciliation with Ferdinand VII and the Infant, and took part in all the proceedings which seated the Bourbons on the throne of Spain, immediately before the final fall of Napoleon. In 1814, he left the court, and retired to Saragossa. He fell into disgrace, because he had advised the king to accept, at least in part, the constitution of the cortes. He behaved with firmness when arrested by order of the king. Some time after, he was recalled, but was disgraced a second time. Escoiquiz also acquired some reputation as an author, and translated into Spanish Young's Night Thoughts, Milton's Paradise Lost, and other works. His explanation of the motives which induced Ferdinand to go to Bayonne, is an important document for the history of the time. He died in exile, at Ronda, in Andalusia, in 1820. His life is a fair commentary on Ferdinand's character.

ESCORT; a guard; a body of armed men which attends an officer or baggage, provisions or munitions conveyed by land from place to place, to protect them. This word is sometimes used for naval

protectors; but the proper word in this case is convoy. (q. v.)

ESCULAPIUS. (See Esculapius.)

ESCURIAL (el Escorial), a celebrated building, is situated midway up the ascent of the chain of mountains which bounds Old Castile, 22 miles from Madrid. The choice of this rugged situation by Philip II indicates the stern and melancholy character which history ascribes to that prince. It was erected in consequence of a vow made by Philip, on the day of the battle of St. Quentin, at which, however, he was not present. He dedicated it to St. Lawrence, whose festival was on that day. Every thing in the Escurial reminds us of the instrument of the martyrdom of this saint-a gridiron. It is seen upon the doors, windows, altars and sacerdotal habits; the edifice itself is in that form. It is a quadrangular building, with the principal front to the west, behind which is a mountain; the opposite side, which faces Madrid, has the form of the shortened handle of a gridiron; and the four legs are represented by the four little square towers which rise above the four angles. The exterior of the Escurial is not magnificent in the architecture. It has rather the austere simplicity of a convent than the elegance of a palace. In front of the door of the church is a fine peristyle; over the front of which are six colossal statues of the kings of Israel, which appear as if just balanced on their slender pedestals. The two in the middle are David and Solomon. The sculptor has endeavored to give to these two statues the features of Charles V and Philip II. The number of windows, doors and courts has been exaggerated to a ridiculous degree, in the descriptions of the abbé de Vayrac and señor Colmenar. They state that there are 11,000 doors. In the whole, there is something striking, but it does not correspond to the idea formed of it from the accounts given by those writers. The edifice is built of hewn stone, of a species of granite; its color has become brown with time, and adds to the austerity of the building. It is a quadrangle, 740 feet in length, by 580 in breadth. The Escurial is said to have cost 50,000,000 dollars. The most remarkable pictures are the Virgin Mary, by Guido; the Woman taken in Adultery, and St. Jerome writing, by Vandyke; the Martyrdom of St. Ursula, and the Fall of the Angels, by Pellegrino Tibaldi, in the church, where are also some good paintings by Navarrete and by Lucas Cambiano. In the two vestries

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are several pictures of Paul Veronese, Rubens, Spagnoletto, and Titian; an Assumption, by Annibal Carracci, and the Lord's Supper, by Tintoretto. The altar piece in the vestry, by the Portuguese Claudio Coelho, is one of the most striking; it is Charles II, accompanied by the nobility, on his knees before the holy sacrament. The pictures of St. Sebastian, of natural size, and the Savior disputing with a doctor of the law, are some of the best among those of Titian. Three by Raphael-one, called the pearl, on account of its superior excellence, is a Holy Family; another, the Visitation, in which the modesty of the virgin, and her embarrassment on appearing before Elizabeth, with the unexpected signs of her pregnancy, cannot be too much admired. The Pantheon is a subterranean apartment, situated immediately beneath the grand altar of the chapel. A long, arched stairway, lined on all sides with polished marble, and descending far below the surface of the earth, conducts to this apartment. The whole interior is lined with dark marble, beautifully veined, and of great lustre. This is the burying place of the Spanish royal family. The bodies of the princes who have not reigned are deposited in one chamber, those of the kings and queens in another. The remains of the duke of Vendome rest in the Pantheon, as those of marshal Turenne do in the church of St. Denis. A superb lustre, pendent from the cupola, is lighted up on extraordinary occasions. The coffins which contain the bodies of the kings and queens are placed on each side of an altar, in three rows, and in different compartments. The cases are of bronze and porphyry, and simple yet noble in their form. The two great cloisters are painted in fresco; the paintings are by Tibaldi, and the figures are of colossal size. Guercino, Velasquez, and other celebrated painters, have ornamented several galleries and cloisters. Here is the famous picture of Raphael, called the Madonna del Pez. This picture represents the young Tobit, conducted by the angel Raphael, offering, with a timid air, the tribute of his fish. The group is composed, beside the angel and Tobit, of Christ, the virgin Mary, and St. Jerome, in a cardinal's habit, reading the Bible to them. The library, founded by Philip II, and much augmented by his son, is remarkable for the large number of Greek and Arabic manuscripts, and for the paintings. There are several pleasurehouses at a short distance from the con

vent, belonging to the Infantes. The monks are very liberal, and allow any person, of decent dress and demeanor, free access to the library and all its books. The royal family used to pass six weeks here every year, before king Ferdinand's reign; it is now scarcely ever visited by his majesty or his brothers. The number of monks is now (1830) 140 or 150.

ESCUTCHEON, in heraldry, is derived from the French écusson, and that from the Latin scutum. It signifies the shield whereon coats of arms are represented.

ESKI; a Turkish word, signifying old, contained in several geographical names; as, Eski cheher, old city.

ESKIMAUX. (See Esquimaux.) ESMENARD, Joseph Alphonse; a poet, born in 1769, at Pélissane, in Provence. After having finished his education at Marseilles, he made a voyage to St. Domingo, and, on his return, formed an acquaintance with Marmontel, which developed his literary tastes. At the beginning of the revolution, he belonged to the club of Feuillans, and on its downfall was obliged to leave the country. He travelled five years in England, Germany and Italy, and, on his return from Constantinople, settled in Venice, where he formed the design of his poem La Navigation. He returned to France, was again banished for his political writings, returned after the revolution of the 18th Brumaire, and labored with La Harpe and Fontanes on the Mercure de la France. He accompanied, Le Clerc to St. Domingo, and, after his return, received a place in the ministry of the interior. His Navigation appeared in the year 1805. He is blamed for many defects, but his talent for describing scenes on the ocean is universally admired. In 1808, he brought upon the stage an opera, entitled Trajan, and was banished once more by Napoleon, after having been assailed by numerous enemies, and made a member of the institute. After three months, he returned from exile, and died in 1811.

ESMERALDAS; a province of Colombia, on the coast of the Pacific ocean, abounding in wax, copal, balsams, manilla, indigo, tobacco and excellent cacao. Its mountains are covered with rare and valuable woods, and contain gold mines. Fine emeralds are also found in this province.-Esmeraldas is likewise the name of a river and a seaport of this province. ESNEH, ESNE, or ASNA (called, by the Egyptians, Sné, or Sna); a city of Upper Egypt, in the Thebaid, on the left bank of the Nile, about 27 miles S. of the ruins

of Thebes, and 350 S. S. E. of Cairo ; lat.
25° 17′ 38 N.; lon. 32° 34′ 56′′ E. Es
neh stands on the site of the ancient La-
topolis. Among the ruins there is a beau-
tiful portico of 24 columns, which is one
of the most perfect remains of Egyptian
architecture. The ceiling contains a zo-
diac, which has been supposed to be 2000
years older than that of Denderah; but
Champollion, in one of his letters, dated
1829, is decidedly of the opinion that the
great temple of Esne, as it is called, instead
of being one of the most ancient buildings
of Egypt, is one of the most modern. He
draws this conclusion from the rudeness
and stiffness of the bass-reliefs and hiero-
glyphics, as well as from the inscriptions.
The latter contain merely the names of
different Roman emperors. "The real age
of the pronaos of Esneh," says M. Cham-
pollion, "is, therefore, not of a more re-
mote period than the reign of the empe-
ror Claudius; and the sculptures, among
which is the famous zodiac, are as late as
the time of Caracalla.”
The marquis
Spineto, in his Lectures on the Elements
of Hieroglyphics, is of the same opinion.
Esneh is of considerable importance in a
commercial point of view. The great car-
avan coming from Sennaar stops at this
place, and a camel market, famous through-
out all Egypt, is held here. Among the
population of Esneh are 300 Coptic fami-
lies. Not far from it are the ruins of an-
other temple, with a zodiac, not so well
preserved, however, as that in the ceiling.
Feb. 25, 1799, the French were attacked
here by the Mamelukes.

Esor. (See Esop.)
ESOPUS. (See Esopus.)

ESOTERIC (Greek; secret, revealed only to the initiated). In the mysteries or secret societies of the ancients, the doctrines were distinguished into the esoteric and exoteric, the former for the initiated, who were permitted to enter into the sanctuary itself (the Esoterics), and the latter for the uninitiated (the Exoterics), who remained in the outer court. The same distinction is also made, in philosophy, between those doctrines which belong peculiarly to the initiated, and those which are adapted to the limited capacities of the unlearned.

ESPAGNOLETTO. (See Spagnoletto.)

ESPALIERS; rows of trees planted about a garden, and trained up regularly to a lattice of wood-work, in a close hedge, for the defence of tender plants.

ESPINASSE, Julie Jeanne Eléonore. This amiable lady, who united the most brilliant talents to a heart susceptible of