able extent in the southern counties. Tim- gold and silver, japan ware, cut glass, cabber grows abundantly in most parts of the inet and upholstery work, and gentlemen's country: the trees are principally oak, carriages, clocks, watches, &c. From the elm, ash, beach, alder and willow. The countries in the north of Europe, namely, mines and quarries of England afford a Denmark, Russia, Sweden, Poland and constant supply of most valuable produce. Prussia, England imports iron, kelp, timCoal is found in great abundance in the ber, flax, hemp, coarse linens, pitch, tar, northern, and in some of the midland and tallow, corn, pearl and potashes, &c.; western counties. Iron abounds in Shrop- from Germany, corn, flax, hemp, linens, shire, Gloucestershire, Derbyshire, the rags, skins, timber and wines; from Holnorth of Lancashire, and it is produced, land, geneva, cheese, butter, rags, flax, though not in equal abundance, in other hemp, madder, clover and other seeds, counties. Tin is confined to Cornwall corn, bacon, &c.; from France, wines, and the adjoining parts of Devonshire, brandy, lace, cambric, lawns, silks, trinand black lead to a small district in Cum- kets, &c.; and from Spain and Portugal, berland. Mines of copper are wrought in and Italy, barilla, brimstone, oil, cochiCornwall, Devonshire, Derbyshire and neal, fruits, wool, cork, dye-woods, wines, Anglesey, and partially in Yorkshire and brandy, silk, drugs, gums, &c. The imStaffordshire. In many parts of the king- ports from Turkey consist principally of dom, marbles and freestone, or calcareous carpets, drugs, dye-stuffs, fruits, silk, &c. sandstone, of various colors and textures, From North America are imported flour, are abundant. There are also mines of provisions, masts, timber, cotton, wool, rock-salt, pits of fuller's earth, potter's tobacco, rice, tar, pitch, pot and pearlelay, &c. The manufactures of England ashes, indigo, furs, &c. From South Amerare of prodigious extent. That of wool is ica, since the emigration of the Portuone of the most ancient in the country, guese court to the Brazils, are imported and is supposed to have been introduced cotton, wool, skins, cochineal, logwood, by the Romans. The annual value of indigo, Brazil wood, sugar, drugs, &c. the woollen manufactures is estimated at The articles principally imported from the about 20 millions. The cotton manufac- West Indies are sugars, rum, coffee, pepture is of more recent establishment than per, ginger, indigo, drugs and cotton. the woollen, and has been carried to From the East Indies, China and Persia, great perfection by the aid of every sort are imported teas, spices, raw silk, musof powerful, complicated and ingenious lins, nankeens, sugar, indigo, cloves and machinery. The cotton wool imported other spices, opium, quicksilver, drugs, amounts to about 125 millions of pounds; gums, rice, saltpetre, &c. The exports from and the value of cotton manufactures ex- Britain consist of all the various manuported, to £20,000,000. The hardware factures: they amount, in official value, to manufactures, of iron and steel, copper about £37,000,000 annually; the imports and brass, have been also brought to un- to about £25,000,000. In addition to her rivalled perfection in England, and in- commerce and manufactures, England clude the most ponderous productions of has extensive fisheries both at home and the casting furnace and rolling mill, as abroad. Salmon are caught in most of well as the most minute and trifling arti- her rivers, and the seas around her coasts cles, such as pins, and all sorts of chil- yield herrings, mackerel, pilchards, white dren's toys. The annual value of the fish, oysters, and other shell-fish. The iron and steel articles manufactured may Newfoundland fishery at one time employbe estimated at £10,000,000. The silk ed a considerable number of vessels; but and linen manufactures are carried on in it has since fallen off. The whale fishery, England, but not to any great extent. In both in the North and South seas, is prosNottinghamshire is carried on the manu- ecuted to a considerable extent. The estabfacture of stockings. English earthen- lished religion of England is Episcopacy. ware is finished with beauty and taste, The Episcopal establishment of England and in great variety, principally at the consists of the 2 archbishops of Canterbury potteries of Staffordshire; and glass is and York, and of 24 bishops, who have the made in various parts, chiefly in Newcas- privilege of a seat in the house of peers tle, Sunderland, Bristol, and, on a smaller There is also the bishop of Soder and scale, at some other places. China-ware Man, who is not possessed of this priviof a very superior quality is made in Der- lege. The constitution of England is a by and Worcester. In London, every sort limited monarchy. The executive powers of fine and elegant manufacture is carried are vested in the king, who acts through on, such as cutlery, jewelry, articles of the medium of responsible advisers. The

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tween the throne and the parliament. the Apostles', Nicene and Athanasian After the death of Laud, the parliament creeds. The 9th and following articles abolished the Episcopal government, and contain the doctrine of original sin, of condemned every thing in the ecclesias- justification by faith alone, of predestinatical establishment that was contrary to tion, &c. The 19th, 20th and 21st dethe doctrine, worship and discipline of the clare the church to be the assembly of the church of Geneva. As soon as Charles II faithful; that it can decide nothing except was restored to the throne, the ancient by the Scriptures. The 22d rejects the forms of ecclesiastical government and doctrine of purgatory, indulgences, the public worship were restored; and, in adoration of images, and the invocation of 1662, a public law, entitled the act of uni- saints. The 23d decides that only those formity, was enacted, by which all who re- lawfully called shall preach or administer fused to observe the rites and subscribe the sacraments. The 24th requires the the doctrines of the church of England, liturgy to be in English. The 25th and 26th were entirely excluded from its dominion. declare the sacraments effectual signs of In the reign of William III, and particu- grace (though administered by evil men), larly in 1689, the divisions among the by which God excites and confirms our friends of Episcopacy gave rise to the two faith. They are two; baptism and the parties called the high-churchmen, or non-ju- Lord's supper. Baptism, according to rors, and low-churchmen. The former main- the 27th article, is a sign of regeneration, tained the doctrine of passive obedience, the seal of our adoption, by which faith, or non-resistance to the sovereign under is confirmed and grace increased. any circumstance whatever; that the he- the Lord's supper, according to article reditary succession to the throne is of 28th, the bread is the communion of the divine institution, and cannot be interrupt- body of Christ, the wine the communion ed; that the church is subject to the juris- of his blood, but only through faith (art. diction of God alone; and, consequently, 29th); and the communion must be adthat certain bishops deposed by king ministered in both kinds (art. 30). The William, remained, notwithstanding, true 28th article condemns the doctrine of bishops; and that those who had been ap- transubstantiation, and the elevation and pointed in their places were rebels and adoration of the host; the 31st rejects schismatics, and all who held communion the sacrifice of the mass as blasphemous; with them were guilty of rebellion and the 32d permits the marriage of the schism. The gradual progress of civil clergy; the 33d maintains the efficacy and religious liberty, during the last 150 of excommunication. The remaining years, has settled practically many such articles relate to the supremacy of the controversies. The great increase of the king, the condemnation of Anabaptists dissenters in recent times (they are es- (q. v.), &c. timated to be more numerous than the members of the established church) has led to new concessions in their favor; the repeal of the corporation and test acts (q. v.), and the Catholic emancipation (q. v.), as it is called, are among the important events of the late reign. We have said, that the doctrines of the church of England are contained in the thirty-nine articles; we are not ignorant that the most eminent English divines have doubted whether they are Calvinistic or Lutheran, that some have denominated them articles of peace, and that not a few have written in direct opposition to them. But they are the established confession of the English church, and, as such, deserve a short analysis. The 5 first articles contain a profession of faith in the Trinity; the incarnation of Jesus Christ, his descent to hell, and his resurrection; the divinity of the Holy Ghost. The 3 following relate to the canon of the Scripture. The 8th article declares a belief in

In the U. States, the members of the church of England, or Episcopalians, form a large and respectable denomination. When the revolutionary war began, there were only about eighty parochial clergymen of this church to the northward and eastward of Maryland; and they derived the greater part of their subsistence from the English society for the propagation of the gospel in foreign parts. In Maryland and Virginia, the Episcopal church was much more numerous, and had legal establishments for its support. The inconvenience of depending on the mother church for ordination, and the want of an internal Episcopacy, was long severely felt by the American Episcopalians. But their petitions for an Episcopate of their own were long resisted by their superiors in England; and their opponents in the U. States objected to the measure from an apprehension that bishops from England would bring with them an authority which would interfere with the civil institutions

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of this country, and be prejudicial to the members of other communions. After the U. States had become independent of Great Britain, a new difficulty arose on the part of the English bishops: they could not consistently depart from their own stated forms of ordination, and these contained political tests improper for American citizens to subscribe. Doctor Lowth, then bishop of London, obtained an act of parliament allowing him to dispense with these political requisitions. Before this act was passed, doctor Seabury was consecrated at Aberdeen by the non-juring bishops of Scotland; and, not long after, doctor White of Philadelphia, doctor Provost of New York, and doctor Madison of Virginia, were consecrated by the English archbishops. In 1824, there were in the U. States 10 bishops, about 350 clergymen, and upwards of 600 congregations. (See bishop White's Memoirs of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the United States, Philadelphia, 1820; also the article Church of England in Rees' Cyclopædia.)

ENGLISH CHANNEL (called by the French la Manche) is that part of the Atlantic ocean which lies between the north-west coast of France and the southern coast of England. Its eastern extremity is connected with the German ocean by the straits of Calais, and on the west it is imperceptibly confounded with the Atlantic ocean. It lies between lat. 48° 38′ and 51° N., and lon. 1° 20′ E. and 5° 43′ W. At its termination-on a line drawn from Land's End to the extreme easterly point of the department of Finisterre, in France -it is about 40 leagues wide. On the French coast, it forms three considerable bays; the most easterly receives the Somme; the second receives the Seine and several smaller rivers; the third and largest lies on the south-west of the peninsula of Cotentin. On the English coast, is Mount bay, between Lizard point and Land's End; between Lizard point and Start point is a large gulf, on which are situated Falmouth and Plymouth; the gulf of Exeter lies to the east of Start point. The principal islands in the English channel are the Isle of Wight on the English coast, and the Norman islands lying on the French coasts, but belonging to England, the principal of which are Guernsey and Jersey. The prevailing winds are from the west. The channel, being shallow and confined, is subject, from its communication with the Atlantic, to high and impetuous tides. Its waters contain many fish, of which the most im

portant are the mackerel and the herring. The oysters of Cancal are also famous.

ENGLISH LANGUAGE; the language spoken by the people of England, and, with some dialectical variations, in Scotland, in a part of Ireland, and in other parts of the globe which now are, or originally were, within the British dominions. Of all who speak the English language, the people of the U. States of America, next to the inhabitants of England itself, are the most important in respect to their influence in spreading and cultivating it. Their very extensive commerce, which is now second to none but that of England, affords the means of contributing to the dissemination of their language over all parts of the globe. To this also we may add their efforts in religious missions, which have been attended with a similar effect. From these and other causes, we have the highest reason to believe that English will, before the lapse of many years, be spoken as the native tongue of a larger proportion of the inhabitants of the two continents than any other known language, unless, perhaps, the Chinese and its dialects should still maintain that rank. The Saxon, or Anglo-Saxon (q. v.) language, as it is more frequently called, was the basis of the English; and both have descended from what is commonly denominated the Gothic or Teutonic stock, particularly the dialect called Low German. (q. v.) It has, however, retained many words of the ancient language spoken by the Britons before the arrival of the Saxons among them. Upon the introduction of Christianity into Great Britain, in the 6th century, which was done through the church of Rome, the Latin language contributed, by degrees, to the common dialect of the nation. About the year 1150, according to doctor Johnson, the Saxon dialect of our ancestors took a form in which the beginning of our present English can plainly be discovered. From that period to this, it has been constantly receiving additions from various languages, and may now, according to doctor Webster, be considered as composed of, 1st, Saxon and Danish words of Teutonic and Gothic origin; 2d, British or Welsh, Cornish and Armoric, which may be considered as of Celtic origin; 3d, Norman; 4th, Latin; 5th, French; 6th, Greek; 7th, a few words directly from the Italian, Spanish, German, and other languages of the continent of Europe; 8th, a few foreign words, introduced by commerce or by political and literary intercourse. (Introd. Eng. Dict.) This origin of our

ENGLISH LANGUAGE.