ENCYCLOPÆDIA—THE FRENCH ENCYCLOPEDIE. brary of Useful Knowledge was advertised, in the beginning of 1830, as about to be published in Paris, under the name of Encyclopédie Union, to consist of 300 volumes, at 2 francs per volume, and to embrace all the arts and sciences. Most of the distinguished savants of the liberal party were to write for it. We have, however, heard nothing of its progress. In the Antologia of December, 1829, it is stated that doctor Gerard, who has traversed the Himalaya mountains and Thibet, for the purpose of introducing vaccination into that country, found, at Kinnaour, in Thibet, a man named Cosmas, a Transylvanian, an ardent philologist, who had discovered an encyclopædia in 44 volumes, in the language of that country. As every thing can be abused, so encyclopædias, which may contribute to propagate widely useful knowledge, may also tend to produce a disposition to be satisfied with superficial information, as in the case of the lady who spoke very learnedly, a whole evening, on a variety of subjects, the names of which all began with ca. It afterwards appeared, that she had just received the second volume of a new encyclopædia. ENCYCLOPÉDIE, THE FRENch. The term encyclopædists is used, particularly in French literature, to signify those who were engaged in the great alphabetical encyclopædia, embracing all arts and sciences, which was projected by Diderot; and is applied, also, to those who joined themselves to their party in philosophy and criticism, as Helvetius, for instance. Bouterwek says of this undertaking: "As Diderot took a lively interest in every thing worth knowing, he could not confine his literary labors to a single department. Mathematics, physics, philosophy and belles-lettres in turn attracted him. None but a mind of his excursive, encyclopædian turn, would have conceived the plan of preparing a summary of all human knowledge, up to the middle of the 18th century, in the form of a universal dictionary." And none but a man of Diderot's enthusiasm could have persevered in the execution of this work, in spite of all difficulties, and overlooking, in the zealous prosecution of his plan, the injury that such a work might do, by encouraging superficial and partial views. The work was undertaken at a time when every existing opinion and institution was eagerly brought before the tribunal of inquiry and criticism. This inquiring and criticising spirit naturally followed an age in which authority was 501 supreme; and thus the Encyclopédie was the consequence, as well as the cause, of a new epoch. That many false and superficial views should be mingled with it, is not strange; the golden mean of truth is seldom discovered at once. In the philosophical and critical articles, the peculiar sentiments of the writers of the Encyclopédie were received by the French public as the oracles of truth; and it became easy for the encyclopædists to give currency to what they called philosophy. They had, also, a great influence on the literary taste, not only of the French, but of other nations. Polished correctness, elegance of style, with an imitation of nature, and a moral design, were the highest excellences which they saw in art, and the great objects of attainment. As they made the understanding the sole judge of poetry, which was, therefore, to be the cool product of reflection, their views, by means of the authority which they had acquired, tended extremely to cramp the genius of the French in respect to works of imagination, and to destroy all boldness and freedom. They gained a still greater authority by their philosophy, just suited as it was to the prevailing spirit of the French people. Indeed, there is hardly an instance to be found, in which the literati of a nation have obtained so extensive and powerful an influence on political sentiment as the French literati, and particularly the French encyclopædists. Their philosophy, too, was a fashionable philosophy,a philosophy for common life, favorable to wit and gayety. Instead of proceeding with steady steps to the goal of truth, they hurried to and fro, with daring leaps, and imagined that they had reached the mark, if they could maintain an opinion which contained something new and paradoxical. This mixture of philosophy with elegant literature became still more interesting, on account of the opinions which men like Mably, Condillac, Mercier, Raynal, Buffon, Helvetius, Diderot and D'Alembert advanced on the subjects of religion and civil government, for which a prohibition was laid on the further progress of the work. But the printers only, and not the authors, were punished, and the government was soon after obliged to permit the work to proceed, as it was too weak to prevent it. To the encyclopædists, who were connected with the highest circles of that time, is justly attributed a very important influence on the French revolution. Encyclop., ou Diction. raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers, par une Société de Gens de Lettres, mis en Or 502 THE FRENCH ENCYCLOPEDIE-ENDIVE. dre par Diderot, et quant à la Partie mathémat. par d'Alembert (Paris, 1751-72, 28 vols. fol.) Supplem. (Amsterdam, Paris, 1776-77, 5 vols. fol.), Table des Matières (Paris, 1780, 2 vols. fol.), in all 35 volumes; also, at Geneva, 39 vols. 4to., Tables to it; Lyons, 1780, 6 vols. 4to.; Lausanne and Berne, 1778-81, 36 vols., 3 4to. vols. engravings. ENDEAVOR STRAITS; a channel which separates the island of New Guinea from New Holland; about 30 miles in extent from N. E. to S. W., and about 15 broad, except at the entrance, where it is less than a league, being narrowed by the islands. A bank runs across it from north to south, about half a mile, where the depth of water, at three-quarters ebb, was found to be 3 fathoms. ENDEMIC (from v and inpos, prevailing among the people). This name is often applied to diseases which attack the inhabitants of a particular district or country, and have their origin in some local cause, as the physical character of the place where they prevail, or in the employments, habits and mode of living of the people. Every part of the world, every climate and every country, has its peculiar endemics. Thus the tropical and warm climates are subject to peculiar cutaneous disorders, eruptions of various kinds, because the constant heat keeps up a strong action of the skin, and draws the humors to the surface of the body. In northern climates, eruptions of the skin occur, but they are of a different kind. Thus in all the north polar countries, especially in Norway, a kind of leprosy, the radesyge, is prevalent, arising from the coldness and humidity of the climate, which dispose the skin to such disorders. Hot and moist countries generate the most violent typhus and putrid fevers; the West Indies and some of the American seaports, for instance, produce the yellow fever. Places in a more dry and elevated situation, northern countries particularly, are peculiarly subject to inflammatory disorders. In countries and districts very much exposed to currents of wind, especially in mountainous places, we find, at all seasons of the year, rheumatisms, catarrhs, and the whole train of complaints which have their origin in a sudden stoppage of the functions of the skin. In large and populous towns, we meet with the most numerous instances of pulmonary consumption. In places that are damp, and at the same time not warm, e. g., on marshes and large rivers, intermittent fevers are prevalent. In cold and damp countries, like England, Sweden and Holland, the most frequent cases of croup occur. Diseases which are endemic in one country, may also appear in others, and become epidemical, if the weather and other physical influences resemble those which are the causes of the endemic in the former place; the climate being for a time transferred, as it were, from one to the other. Thus, for instance, we find the croup sometimes, during wet and cold weather, appearing in high situations; intermittent fevers sometimes in places where they occur rarely for years, and then again attack great numbers; putrid and malignant typhus fevers rage in all countries occasionally; and so of the rest. Endemic disorders, in some circumstances, become contagious, and thereby spread to other persons, and may be transplanted to other places, the situation and circumstances of which predispose them to receive these disorders. This is known by the sad experience of the migrations of diseases, the spreading of the leprosy from the Oriental countries to Europe, &c. It is useful to inquire into the endemical circumstances of countries, districts, and even cities and towns; some precautions may be thereby suggested to escape the sickness, or to obviate the unwholesomeness of the situation of the place in question. As, for instance, the physician of pope Clement XI, Lancini, procured the draining and drying of the marshes about Pesaro ; and the diseases which had arisen from the exhalations of these marshes immediately ceased. It is also very favorable to the cure of obstinate disorders, for the invalid to remove to a climate opposed to his particular complaint. Thus the English, to cure themselves of the pulmonary complaints and hypochondria, to which they are subject in their cold and foggy island, are accustomed to travel to the south of France, and especially to the neighborhood of Nice, the climate of which is incomparable. So it is of advantage to the consumptive to exchange the unwholesome city air, full of dust and fine particles of sand, for the pure atmosphere of the country. And so of other disorders. ENDIVE. The wild succory (cichorium intybus) is now naturalized in some parts of the U. States, and is very common along the road sides in the vicinity of Bos ton. It is perennial, branching, and about two feet high, the leaves oblong lanceolate and runcinate, a little hairy on the nervures; the flowers axillary, geminate and nearly sessile, of a blue color, and resembling in size and form those of the dandelion: it ENDIVE-ENGEL. likewise belongs to the same natural family, composite. The wild succory contains a milky juice, and has been frequently employed by physicians as a tonic and aperient: when blanched, its bitterness is very much diminished, and in this state it is eaten in soups or as a salad, particularly in France, as it was formerly by the ancient Romans: it is also extensively cultivated in Italy for fodder, and the root, when roasted, has been used as a substitute for coffee. The endive (C. endivia), is perhaps only a cultivated variety of the former plant, from which it differs in being annual, more elevated, and having smooth, entire or dentated leaves, rarely lobed, and in its flowers being some of them sessile, and others upon long peduncles: it is considered in France one of the best esculents, and is eaten in salads, ragouts, as a pickle, &c. ENDYMION; according to some, a huntsman, according to others, a shepherd, and according to a third account, a king of Elis. He is said to have asked of Jupiter, whom many have called his father, eternal youth and immortality. His beauty excited passion even in the cold Diana, and hence he has served in all ages as an ideal of loveliness, and Diana's love to him as that of the tenderest affection. He is most generally conceived as sleeping in the wood, where the mild rays of the moon kiss his slumbering eyes. (See Diana.) ENEAS. (See Eneas.) ENEID. (See Virgil.) ENESIDEMUS. (See Enesidemus.) ENFIELD, William, LL. D., a dissenting divine, of great learning and amiable character, was born at Sudbury, in 1741. He was educated for the dissenting ministry, at Daventry, and, in 1763, was chosen pastor to a congregation at Liverpool, where he published two volumes of Sermons, in 12mo., and a collection of Hymns and Family Prayers, which were well received. In 1770, he became resident tutor and lecturer on belles-lettres, at the academy at Warrington, where he remained for several years, and published several works, including his well-known Speaker. Here he also drew up Institutes of Natural Philosophy, theoretical and experimental. After the dissolution of the academy, he accepted an invitation to preside over a congregation at Norwich. In 1791, he published his Abridgment of Brucker's History of Philosophy, 2 vols. 4to., a clear and able performance; and subsequently joined with doctor Aikin and others in the General Biography, 10 vols. 4to. He died in 1797, in his 57th year. 503 ENFILADE (from the French enfiler), in the military art, is used in speaking of trenches or position, which may be scoured by the enemy's shot along their whole length. In conducting the approaches at a siege care must be taken that the trenches be not enfiladed from any work of the place. In the famous battle of Zorndorf, a shot from a Prussian battery, enfilading a Russian square, killed or disabled 30 men. ENGADINA, or ENGADINE; a beautiful valley in Switzerland, in the Grisons, on the banks of the Inn, bordering on the Tyrol, about 35 miles long, but in some parts very narrow, divided into Upper and Lower. Upper Engadina contains 3000 inhabitants; Lower Engadina, 4647. They speak the Romish language. ENGAGEMENT, NAVAL. (See Ship, and Navy.) ENGANO ISLE; an island about 30 miles in circumference, lying off the south-west coast of Sumatra, in lat. 5° 20′ S.; lon. 102° 20 E. The male inhabitants go naked, and are fairer and taller than the Malays. Their arms are a long spear and a knife. The women and men wear several savage ornaments; among other things, they wear a large ring of cocoanut or leaves in large holes made in their ears. Their religion is unknown. 1771, the English made an expedition to Engano, which was not more successful than that of the Dutch in 1643. In ENGEL, John James, one of the most eminent prose writers of Germany, whose works should be among the first read by every learner of the German language, was born at Parchim, in 1741, and received the rudiments of his education from his father, the clergyman of that place. After studying at several German universities, he accepted the office of professor in a gymnasium at Berlin, where he was soon made a member of the royal academy of sciences, and wrote the greatest part of his works. He afterwards went to Schwerin. On the accession of the present king of Prussia, whose tutor he had been, he was invited by his former pupil to Berlin, where he made himself exceedingly useful in the academy of sciences by his excellent and instructive writings, and enjoyed the esteem and the society of the most eminent men. His unremitted labors, in spite of sickness and hypochondria, hastened his end. He died at the place of his birth in 1802. Among his philosophical works may be mentioned his Philosoph. für die Welt, distinguished for acute observations on men and man ners, enlivened by elegant illustrations. Of a similar character is his Mirror for Princes (Fürstenspiegel). His Ideen zu einer Mimik, full of taste, acuteness and knowledge of human nature, may be regarded as a kind of manual for players. He also wrote some plays—Der dankbare Sohn, Edelknaben, &c. His Lorenz Stark, a novel, is a masterly picture of life and manners. A complete edition of his works appeared at Berlin, 1801-1806, in 12 vols. ENGHIEN, OF ENGHUIEN; a town in the Netherlands, in Hainaut; 8 miles E. N. E. of Ath, 30 N. N. E. Valenciennes; population, 3045. Here is a superb castle with a park and gardens. This place gave the title of duke to a prince of the house of Bourbon Condé, in memory of a victory of the great Condé, obtained here. The last that bore the title was executed March, 1804. (See Enghien, duke of.) ENGHIEN, Louis Antoine Henri de Bourbon, duke of, was born at Chantilly, August 2, 1772, son of Louis Henry Joseph Condé, duke of Bourbon (see the three articles Condé), a descendant of the great Condé. He became the pupil of the celebrated Millot. In 1789, he emigrated, travelled through various parts of Europe, and went, in 1792, to Flanders, to join the troops of his grandfather, the prince of Condé, in the campaign against France. From 1796 to 1799, he commanded, with distinguished merit, the vanguard of Conde's army, which was disbanded at the peace of Luneville. He was then, in 1804, led, by his love of the princess Charlotte de Rohan Rochefort, to Ettenheim, in Baden, where he resided as a private citizen, and where he married this lady. At this period, the newly established peace of France, and of all Europe, was threatened, in the person of Bonaparte, the first consul of France. Some of those enemies, who had not been able to subdue him in the field of battle, attempted his assassination. Many alarming symptoms were observed. In the middle of January, 1804, bets were made at London that the first consul would not live to see the next April. A new edition of the old pamphlet of Col. Titus against Cromwell, entitled Killing no Murder, was dedicated to Bonaparte. One of the principal commercial houses in Vienna wrote to a banker at Paris, "Here, as well as in Paris, the winter is mild; but the end of February is dreaded. Well-informed persons assert that you will have an earthquake. If you intend to make any speculations, regard this information as certain. I am not at liberty to say more." (See Buchholz, Geschichte Napoleon Bonaparte's, Berlin, 1829, vol. iii. p. 273-a work by no means partial towards Napoleon.) These indications were soon actually followed by a conspiracy in Paris against the life of the first consul, supported by English money. 50 persons at Paris, some of distinction, were engaged in the conspiracy, before it was discovered by the police: among them were Armand and Julius Polignac (the late prime minister of France), sons of the duke of Polignac, who had played so conspicuous a part at Louis XVIth's court. Under the articles Pichegru and Georges Cadoudal, we shall speak more respecting this conspiracy. Suffice it here to say, that the detection of these conspiracies had shown that English money had been used, and that it was known that the English ministers at Munich and Stuttgard were aiding the emigrants in their attempts against France, and perhaps also plotting against the French government. England was, as it were, taken in flagrante delicto. The first consul found himself in the greatest danger. At the frontier on the Rhine, corps of emigrants were again collected. Georges (q. v.) had been arrested some time previously; and those who had been employed by him stated, that, at intervals of 10 or 12 days, a person came to visit him, to whom he and Rivière and Polignac showed great respect. The police believed this person to be one of the Bourbon family, and, after several conjectures, the duke of Enghien, who for some time had been lost sight of at Ettenheim, was fixed upon as the probable person. The distance between Ettenheim and Paris was such, that the duke might have reached this city in a few days. officer of the gendarmerie, being sent to observe him, was informed at Strasburg, that the prince sometimes visited the theatre of that city, which was not true, but it was commonly believed that the prince was often absent from Ettenheim, hunting for some days, and that Dumouriez lived with him. In short, the French government became impressed with the idea that the duke was at the head of the conspirators, considering it, probably, unlikely that the prince would reside so near the frontier if he had no political designs, and, probably, no one at present doubts that the duke would have acted the part of a Bourbon prince, if any revolution had taken place in the heart of France. Even sir Walter Scott acknowledges this. first consul, according to the account given by Las Cases, vol. vii. of his Memorial, was taken by surprise in this affair. One day An The ENGHIEN. after dinner, the discovery of some new plots was announced to him, and such urgent representations were made to him, that a special council of state was convened for investigating this subject, where the chief justice, Regnier, acting minister of police, read a report on the state of things within the country, and Talleyrand, minister of foreign affairs, another report, on the state of things without the country, connected with the conspiracy. Fouché attended by particular invitation, not being a member, but having displayed superior talent as well as zeal in tracing the conspiracy: Talleyrand's report closed with a proposition to seize the duke of Enghien at Ettenheim, and bring him by force into France, for examination. The object was to confront him with the two followers of Georges, and ascertain whether he was the mysterious personage in the habit of calling on him, as before mentioned. At this time, Pichegru's presence in France was unknown; he was supposed to be in London, where he had been. The proposition to violate the neutral territory of Baden, and forcibly carry off the object of suspicion, was warmly contested by Cambacères, then second consul (whose forthcoming posthumous memoirs will probably shed light on this transaction), but, being put to vote, was adopted by the council of state. The first consul, who did not know the duke of Enghien, either by name or character, and was far from being inclined to groundless suspicions, left the whole management of this affair to those to whose department it be longed. Such was his practice on all occasions. For instance, Bourienne says he would declare in council, where the discussions were perfectly free, "Gentlemen, I am here under your tuition: take care to set me right, as I shall act on your information and impulse. Wo be to him that misleads me." The order for the arrest of the prince was issued to general Ordener; he was also ordered to arrest Dumouriez, who was supposed to be with the prince, a mistake arising from the German pronunciation of the name of Thumery, a companion of the prince. General Ordener, who was sent to Strasburg, transferred the duty of seizing the luke and all his suite to a major of the gendarmerie. This officer having, by ineans of his soldiers, ascertained the sitnation of the house which the prince inhabited, surrounded it on the night of March 17, 1804, with from 3 to 400 soldiers and gendarmes. The duke at first wished to defend himself: but the force 43 VOL. IV. 505 1 was too great to be opposed, and thus the duke and Thumery, who had been taken for Dumouriez, a colonel Grundstein, lieutenant Schmidt, an abbé named Weinbrunn, and five domestics, were seized and carried prisoners to Strasburg. This was done with such celerity, that the prisoners were not even allowed time to dress themselves. Early upon the 18th, the escort set off with the duke for Paris, and as they arrived, towards evening, upon the 20th, at the gates of the capital, they received an order to conduct their prisoner to Vincennes, where he arrived exhausted by hunger and fatigue and just as he had dropped asleep, he was awaked, at 11 o'clock at night, to undergo his trial. The troops, which were marched to Vincennes on this occasion, were commanded by Savary. He found a court-martial, consisting of general Hullin, the president together with five colonels, and a captain, who was secretary. He was accused of having horne arms against France; of having offered his services to England, received agents of that country, and supplied them with means of maintaining connexions in the interior of France; of having put himself at the head of a band of insurgents and other persons, collected from Baden and Freiburg, and paid by England; of having bad communications with the fortress of Strasburg, to excite insurrection in the neighboring departments; and of having aided in the plots of England against the life of the first consul." To these charges the duke answered that he had always commanded the vanguard of his grandfather, the prince of Condé, that he had a pension of 125 guineas a month from England, his only means of living: that he never knew Pichegru, and was glad that he did not, if what was said of him was true. The charge of having had any part in the conspiracies against the life of the first consul he repelled with indignation. At the end of the minutes of his answer, he placed a note in his own handwriting, at the suggestion of the captainreporter (the official accuser), requesting an interview with the first consul: "My name," he wrote, “my rank, my way of thinking, and the horrors of my situation, induce me to hope that he will not refuse my request." Though nothing was proved against the prince, no witnesses being brought against him, he was executed the next morning at 6 o'clock, in the fosse of the castle. The prince met death with the greatest composure. Several cireumstances have been related respecting his execution, as that a lantern was tied to his |