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EDWARDS.

in 1796, took his seat for the borough of Grampound, which he represented until his death, in July, 1800. His first publication was a pamphlet, entitled Thoughts on the Trade of the West India Islands with the U. States, 1784; this was followed by his Speech on the Slave Trade; but his most distinguished performance is his History, civil and commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies, 1793, 2 vols. 4to. A new edition of this work, published after his death, in 1801, 3 vols. 8vo., includes a History of St. Domingo. Mr. Edwards also published, in 1796, the Proceedings of the Governor and Assembly of Jamaica, in regard to the Maroon Negroes, 8vo. All these works are valuable for their information, and are written with ease and elegance.

EDWARDS, Jonathan, the most celebrated of American metaphysicians and theologians, whom Dugald Stewart describes as "indisputably the ablest champion of the scheme of necessity since the time of Collins," was born in East Windsor, Connecticut, October 5, 1703. His father, a minister of the gospel, instructed him in the dead languages. Jonathan entered Yale college, in New Haven, in September 1716, where he was distinguished for good morals, diligence, and proficiency in the collegiate studies. At fourteen, he read with pleasure Locke on the Human Understanding. His habits of application and thought, and his delight and success in metaphysical studies, were extraordinary. Papers, in his hand-writing, show, that at fourteen he conceived the design of composing a complete Treatise on Natural Philosophy and Natural History, including Chemistry and Geology. His piety, his devotion to the Bible, and his propensity for theological inquiries, were equally remarkable. In 1720, he took his first degree, and remained nearly two years at Yale, preparing for the ministry. In 1722, he went to New York, where he preached for about eight months, with great distinction. In September, 1723, he was elected a tutor in Yale college, and in the following year began to act in that capacity, but resigned his office in 1726, in order to become the minister of the people of Northampton, where he was ordained February 15, 1727.—The record of his labors as a pastor, divine, and metaphysical writer, is edifying in the highest degree. His various sermons and disquisitions procured for him a wide reputation. His Treatise on Religious Affections was immediately republished in England and Scot

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land, and placed him among the first writers of his sect. After more than three years of zealous service in Northampton, a total rupture occurred between him and his congregation, owing to the candor and boldness with which he publicly reproved certain irregularities of some young persons of the principal families connected with his church. An ecclesiastical council dismissed him in June, 1750; and, in the following year, he accepted a call to serve as a missionary among the Indians at Stockbridge, in Massachusetts. Here he remained six years, exerting himself with an apostolical spirit, and, at the same time, prosecuting the deepest investigations in mental philosophy. Here he composed his famous works on the Freedom of the Will, and on Original Sin.The first is his masterpiece, and worthy of the powers of a Locke or Leibnitz. İt was completed within the space of four months and a half. The date of its first appearance is the early part of 1754. In 1757, he was chosen president of the college at Princeton, New Jersey, and accepted this invitation, though not without reluctance, on account, chiefly, of his desire to accomplish two great literary enterprises, which he had begun long beforea History of the Work of Redemption, and a View of the Harmony of the Old and New Testament. In January, 1758, he repaired to Princeton, where the smallpox then prevailed. He was inoculated by the physician of the college. “He had the malady favorably, but a secondary fever set in, and, by reason of a number of pustules in his throat, the obstruction was such, that the medicines necessary to check the fever could not be administered. This disorder put an end to his life, March 22, 1758, in the 55th year of his age." This eminent man gave, to the last moment, an admirable example of Christian patience, resignation and hope. He left five daughters and three sons. One of his sons was president of the college at Sche nectady, New York, having been, like his father, a tutor in the institution in which he was educated; subsequently dismissed from a parish under his care on account of his religious opinions, settled again in a retired situation, elected to the presidentship of a college, and called to leave this world shortly after his inauguration, and nearly at the same age with his father.The physical constitution of Edwards (the father) was extremely delicate; but his mind was so active and well disciplined, that he was able to produce, besides the works already mentioned, a very large

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number of tracts and sermons. Various narratives of his life, and editions of his works, have been printed in Great Britain and the United States. The latest is in ten octavo volumes, published in 1830, at New York, and edited from original materials, by Sereno E. Dwight. The first volume is nearly occupied by the memoir of his life, comprising his resolutions, diary, and a part of his correspondence. The description, which he has furnished, of his own mind, temperament, theological sentiments, and literary projects, deserves particularly to be consulted. He wrote with perspicuity, though not with elegance, and generally in a rugged and negligent style.

EDWY, king of England, son of Edmund I, succeeded his uncle Edred in 955. Taking part with the secular clergy against the monks, he incurred the confirmed enmity of the latter. Having called Dunstan to account for his share in the administration in the preceding reign, the latter refused to attend the summons, and was in consequence banished. His party was, however, so strong, that a rebellion was excited, and Edwy driven from the throne, to make way for his brother Edgar. That his intrigue or marriage with Elgiva, may have given a pretence for his deposition and excommunication is very probable, but there is reason to believe, from his youth and other circumstances, that the story of the fate of Elgiva, as related by Carte and Hume, is materially incorrect. Edwy died in 959.

EEL; a fish well known from its peculiar form and savory flesh. Many varieties of eels are described by naturalists, some tenants of fresh-water streams, others inhabiting the sea. The latter acquire a vast size, and numerous instances are on record of their having attacked and overpowered boys, and even men, while bathing. Gifted with prodigious strength and agility, and capable of inflicting severe wounds with its powerful jaws, the sea eel, or conger, must prove a most dangerous assailant, when encountered in its native element. Fresh-water eels, inhabiting running streams with gravelly bottoms, are said to be uniformly white upon the belly, and infinitely more delicate than those of muddy waters, which are always yellow, and possess a peculiar smell and flavor, very disagreeable. In the choice of its food, the eel is far from cleanly, feeding indiscriminately upon all kinds of small fish, and decayed animal inatter; in consequence of which, many persons refuse to eat them. In the seas of India, there

In the sea

are large species caught, varied with the most beautiful colors, resembling serpents; and one, in particular, has so much the aspect of one of these reptiles, as to bear the name of snake eel. The flesh of eels is sapid and nourishing, but, owing to its fatness, offensive to weak stomachs. Oil is procured from sea eels, which is remarkably clear, and burns very brightly. A curious opinion prevails in this country as to the properties of eel-skins in preventing the cramp, so dangerous to bathers. Boys are frequently seen with one fastened round the ankle for the purpose of averting the attack of this dangerous spasm while in the water. It is needless to observe, that the virtues ascribed to it are very apocryphal. The Romans are said to have fed eels upon human flesh; and one of the most cruel of the emperors caused his slaves to be thrown alive into the fish-ponds for disobedience. A similar tale is related of Vedius Pollio. Murana was the term used to express the male eel, and myrus the female. The common eel belongs to the subgenus murana of Lacepede, and may be distinguished thus: dorsal fin commencing very much in the rear of the pectorals; lower jaw shorter; color, olive-green above, silvery or yellowish beneath. eels, or congers, the dorsal commences near the pectorals, or over them, and the superior jaw is always longest. The conger of our seas attains the length of five or six feet, and the thickness of a man's leg A prejudice exists here against the flesh, which in Europe is salted in large quantities. Some kinds of eels occur, in which there are no perceptible fins whatever. Few animals are more tenacious of life they continue to move for a long while when deprived of the head and skin, preserving the muscular irritability for many hours after death. Great quantities of river eels are consumed for food among the lower classes, and the numbers taken during a night, in a trap, contrived for the purpose, and sunk upon the bottom, is frequently enormous, amounting to several hundreds. A barrel or box is used, having an aperture cut in the top, to which is attached a stocking or tube of coarse cloth, which hangs down in the interior; the fish enter with ease from without, but find it impossible to return. At day-light, the trap is raised to the surface, and the captives secured. In England, a kind of trident is used, called an eel-spear. A fisherman wades to the shallows, and, striking his spear in the mud in every direction around him, the eels, reposing on the bottom, are caught

EEL-EGEDE.

between the prongs, and shaken into a basket. The respiration of most subgenera of the eel family is conducted through lateral openings at the gills, as in other fishes; but in some a different arrangement is observed. For instance, in the For instance, in the sphagebranchus, the apertures are approximated under the throat, and in the synbranchus, the external orifice of the gills is a single hole under the throat. A great variety is observable in the form of the air-bladder of these fishes, which is wanting only in a few species. Want of scales is usually mentioned as a characteristic of the family, but nevertheless inaccurately. Scales do exist; but they are very minute, and so imbedded in the skin, as to be imperceptible in the recent animal, though sufficiently evident in the dried skin. Some marvellous accounts are on record of the migrations of eels from one river to another, over intervening portions of dry land. It is sufficiently well known, that such journeys are taken by these fish, but mostly over very small portions of soil, covered with damp grass. Authors relate stories, also, of eels having been rained down from the clouds, which phenomenon is accounted for in the same manner as the raining of frogs, small fishes, &c., frequently mentioned as astonishing matters by the ancient writers. Eels are viviparous, and quite productive. EFFENDI; a corruption of the Greek word averns, which signifies lord, or master, in the modern dialect, and is pronounced apthendis, or aphendis. It is a term of modern use in the Turkish language, and has been substituted for the Tartar word chelebi (noble), now applied to persons of inferior rank. Effendi is particularly applied to the civil, as aga is to the military officers of the sultan; and both are used in conversation, commonly joined to the name of their office. Thus the sultan's first physician is called Hakim effendi, the priest in the seraglio, Iman effendi, &c. The Reis effendi, or chancellor of the empire, is also minister of foreign affairs, and negotiates with the ambassadors and interpreters of foreign nations. Greek children are in the habit of calling their fathers effendi. The term is often used much in the same way as sir, while the Greek Kupios may be compared to our Mr.

EFFIGY, to execute or degrade in. The word effigy is derived from the Latin effigies, picture; and the phrase at the head of this article denotes the execution or degradation of a condemned criminal, when he cannot be personally apprehend

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ed, by subjecting his picture to the formalities of an execution; for instance, affixing the picture, with a rope round the neck, to the gallows (hanging in effigy). This practice is still continued sometimes in Prussia, and probably in other countries.

EFFLORESCENCE; a term applied in chemistry to the crystals of certain salts, which, on exposure to the air, part with a portion of their water, and crumble down into a white powder. (See Crystallization, under the article Cohesion.)

EGALITÉ, Philip, that is, Philip Equality; the name adopted, after the abolition of monarchy in France, by Philip Bourbon Capet, duke of Orleans. (q. v.)

EGBERT, considered the first king of all England, was of the royal family of Wessex. Egbert served in the armies of Charlemagne. On the death of Brithric, he succeeded him as king of Wessex, in 800. He reduced the other kingdoms, and rendered them dependent on him, in 827. He was much annoyed by the repeated inroads of the Danes. Egbert died in 838.

EGEDE, John, the apostle of Greenland, was born, 1686, in Denmark, and, in 1707, became a preacher at Wogen, in Norway. Having heard that Christianity had been once established in Greenland, but had become extinct in the country for want of teachers, he was filled with grief. Af ter the most careful inquiry, he heard that the eastern coast of Greenland was inaccessible, on account of the floating ice, and that the southern was inhabited by savages. He resolved to visit the country, and to preach the gospel to the inhabitants. But he was without resources. The merchants in Bergen were unwilling to undertake to trade with Greenland, and the government refused his petition for ships, money and men, because they were involved in a war with Sweden; the bishops of Bergen and Drontheim praised his noble resolution, but were unable to help him. Having collected some money to aid him in his purpose, he resigned his charge, received from the Danish government, after the conclusion of peace with Sweden, the title of royal missionary to Greenland, with a small pension and three ships, one to remain with him, another to bring back the news of his arrival, and a third to engage in the whale fishery. The government encouraged the Bergen merchants to establish a Greenland trading company. May 21, 1721, Egede embarked, with 46 persons under his command. The whaling-vessel was wrecked; the other two reached Greenland, but an extent of 12 leagues of float

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ing ice seemed to make it impossible to land. June 4, they finally succeeded. The appearance of the country was wretched. A house was built, and called the haven of hope. The conversion of the Greenlanders was now undertaken, but offered great difficulties; and the whole colony, tired of struggling against misery and wretchedness of every description, were eager to return to Deninark. Egede resolved to adopt that course; but the firmness of his wife prevailed upon them all to remain, and trust to the arrival of a vessel from Denmark with the necessary supplies. June 27, the news was brought, that two ships had arrived from Denmark, with the necessary articles, and letters which contained the assurance of efficient support. In the mean time, Egede had caused his son Paul to paint several scenes from the Bible, perhaps to convey to the Greenlanders some idea of the history, or to excite their curiosity. As this did not succeed, he took up his residence, with his two sons, among the natives, in order to learn their language. He carefully noted down every word of which he discovered the meaning; he often performed long journeys, at the peril of his life, to visit the remotest Greenlanders, for the purpose of gaining their confidence, in which he succeeded by a thousand acts of kindness; he also endeavored to render the trade more profitable to the crown, which sent him a vessel annually with supplies. Though he was unsuccessful in learning the language, his two sons, and especially Paul, attained it with little difficulty. Egede, therefore, sent him to Copenhagen for four years, to study theology, that he might leave him as his successor in Greenland. Egede, the father, after spending 15 years in Greenland, amid innumerable discouragements, returned, in 1736, to Copenhagen, to make new exertions for the support of Christianity in that country. The government appointed him director of the Greenland missions, and established his son Paul in the office of missionary there. When age rendered him incapable of the exercise of his duties, he retired to the island of Falster, where he died, 1758. His writings are in Danish, and have been translated into German. They relate to the They relate to the natural history of Greenland, and his sufferings and adventures there.-His son Paul Egede, born 1708, was his assistant from the time he was 12 years old. He went to Copenhagen, in 1723, carrying with him some Greenlanders, to be instructed in various trades: they all soon died of the

small-pox. Notwithstanding a strong inclination for the naval service, he submitted to the wishes of his father, studied divinity, and took charge of the mission in Greenland. In this undertaking he embarked in 1734, carried out with him new colonists, and remained there till 1740. He then returned to Copenhagen, received the office of chaplain in the hos pital dedicated to the Holy Ghost, and was commissioned, also, to direct the affairs of the mission. The next year, he was appointed by the king bishop of Greenland. He died in 1789. We have from him an Account of Greenland, extracted from a Journal kept from 1721 to 1788, published at Copenhagen, 1789, 12mo.; moreover, a Dictionarium Granlandicum, Copenhagen, 1754; a Grammatica Grænlandica, a translation of the Gospels, the Pentateuch, several Danish prayers and liturgies, and the Imitation of Christ, by Thomas à Kempis, in the Greenland tongue.

EGERAN. (See Idocrase.)

EGERIA; a nymph who received divine honors among the Romans. Numa pretended to have secret conversations with her, and to receive from her the laws which he gave to the Romans. Some say Egeria was the wife of Numa.

EGERTON, Francis (duke of Bridgewater); an English nobleman, very highly distinguished for public spirit, born in 1726. His father, the first person who bore the title of duke of Bridgewater, had obtained, in 1732, an act of parliament, authorizing him to dig a canal from Worsley, one of his estates, containing very valuable coal mines, to Manchester; but the difficulties in the way of executing it deterred him from attempting it. Francis Egerton, by the death of his father and elder brother, coming into possession of the great estates of the family, resolved to complete the plan of his father, and succeeded, by the help of Brindley (q. v.), a self-taught man of remarkable genius. To effect his object, he limited his personal expenses to £400 a year, and "devoted all the rest of his income to his great undertaking. The canal, which bears the name of the duke, was completed in five years, after the expenditure of immense sums, and enabled him to supply Manchester and the neighboring towns with coal. He afterwards extended his canal to the Mersey, so as to bring Liverpool into the line of his navigation. The success of his undertaking was so great, that canals were now projected in every direction. Brindley formed the grand idea of

EGERTON-EGINETAN.

establishing a water communication between London, Bristol, Liverpool and Hull, and completed it in part, as the duke, in 1766, began the grand trunk navigation, so called, whereby the rivers Trent and Mersey were united. This canal, which is 90 miles long, was finished in 1777, and connects Liverpool and Hull. The duke of Bridgewater died unmarried, in 1803. (See Canal, and Brindley.)

EGG. Birds, reptiles, fishes, insects and worms bring forth eggs; birds, indeed, without any exception. The eggs of fishes are called roe or spawn. They contain the germ of the young animal, and, in this respect, resemble the seeds of plants. Seeds require heat and moisture to develope them; and a great part of their substance serves for the nourishment of the germ. So it is with eggs, which have, in addition, the necessary moisture in themselves, and, therefore, only need external heat for their developement. The bird's egg consists (1.) of the shell. Immediately beneath this hard, porous covering lies firm ly enclosed (2.) the external membrane, which is also a little porous. Next comes (3.) the white of the egg, and, lastly, (4.) the yolk. In the yolk is seen a small, lensshaped speck, in which is found a little oval sack, of a grayish color. This is the place where the young animal is developed. The form of the eggs of birds is generally more or less of an oblong round. It is different in other oviparous animals. Amongst reptiles, the crocodile, for instance, has a cone-shaped egg. There is a great variety of shades in the colors of birds' eggs, though they are confined chiefly to white, blue and green. The spots, points, or stripes, with which many are marked, run in countless degrees and shades, from red into gray, ash-colored, &c. The eggs of birds, especially of hens, are a pleasant and nutritive food. Among reptiles, turtles produce eggs which are good for eating. The roe of fishes is also eaten, and caviare is composed wholly of the eggs of fish. The white of hens' eggs is used for applications in complaints of the eyes. It is also made use of for clarifying certain liquors, whey, sugar, &c. (See Clarification.) The simple white of eggs also furnishes a shining varnish for many works of art, especially paintings and playing-cards. Mixed with powdered, fresh-burnt lime, with brick-dust, clay, meal, and other substances, according to circumstances, it forms a very strong cement. To preserve eggs for any length of time, they must be kept from the air. They are covered

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with varnish or oil, set on the small end, upon a perforated board, or, which is still better, they are placed in layers, upon the small end, in very dry ashes, in chopped straw, &c., enclosed in tubs and boxes, and put in a dry place, protected from severe cold in winter, but at the same time, not too warm.* (See Hatching.)

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EGG-PLANT (Solanum melongena); a herbaceous annual, from a foot to 18 inches high, a little branched, and more or less covered with a substance resembling cotton: the leaves are oval, sinuate, and tiolate; the flowers large, white, or purplish, lateral, and frequently solitary; but sometimes two or three are situated upon a common divided peduncle; the calyx and peduncles are furnished with a few short prickles; the fruit is very large, smooth and shining, and generally of a violet color, but sometimes yellow or white. It is cultivated in the warm parts of both continents, and the fruit is much used as an article of food, when cooked, which is done in various ways: in India, it is generally served up with sugar and wine, or simply sugared water; in the south of France, with olive-oil. There are several varieties, one of which bears a white fruit, exactly resembling a pullet's egg, and has been sometimes confounded with another species, which is acrid and poisonous. Egg-plants are now much cultivated in some parts of the U. States, and have become a well known article in the markets.

EGIL SCALLAGRIM; an Icelandic bard or poet of the 10th century, who distinguished himself by his warlike exploits in predatory invasions of Scotland and Northumberland. Having killed in combat the sou of Eric Blodox, king of Norway, he was doomed to death on being subsequently taken prisoner by that prince. Egil demanded permission to redeem his life by giving a specimen of his powers as an improvisatore. This was granted, and he immediately composed and recited a poem in praise of Eric, entitled Egil's Ransom, which procured him his life and liberty. This piece is still extant, and a Latin version of it was published by Olaus Wormius, in his Literatura Danica Antiquissima, from which doctor Perey translated it into English, and printed it in his Northern Antiquities.

EGINA. (See Egina.)

EGINETAN STYLE OF ART. (See Egi netan Style.)

* It happens not very rarely, that a small egg is found within one of common size. (See Albu men.)

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