tutor. This nobleman afterwards presented him with a living. In 1777, he committed a forgery upon his patron, by which he obtained a large sum of money, which he probably hoped to replace, and thereby avoid detection. But the offence was scarcely committed before the criminal was discovered. He was imprisoned, tried, convicted, and executed at Tyburn, notwithstanding great efforts to procure his pardon. He died with all the marks of sincere contrition for the crimes he had committed and the scandal he had brought upon his profession. His works were

numerous.

DODD, Ralph, a civil engineer, the original projector of a tunnel under the Thames, and various other public works of importance. In 1795, he published an Account of the principal Canals in the known World, with Reflections on the great Utility of Canals. In 1798, he laid before the public his plan for a tunnel under the Thames, which was approved by government; but the scheme was abandoned soon after its commencement. He had also a share in the improvement of steamvessels; and the first impetus to the scheme for navigating by steam in England was given by a patent which he obtained for a steam-boat on the Thames, from London to Gravesend, which, however, was not carried into effect. He afterwards navigated, in a steam-vessel, round the coasts of England and Ireland. In 1822, he was severely wounded by an explosion of the boiler of a steam-packet, and, after lingering a few months, died at Cheltenham, in April of that year.

DODDRIDGE, Philip; an eminent dissenting divine. His father was a tradesman in London, and he was born there in 1702. After some previous education, he became the pupil of Mr. John Jennings, who kept a theological academy. On the death of his tutor, he succeeded to the situation, but removed the seminary, in 1729, to Northampton. There he resided nearly 22 years, filling his station as a minister and academical preceptor with great credit. He died Oct. 26, 1751, at Lisbon, whither he had gone in the hope of deriving benefit from the change of air, in a pulmonic complaint. Doctor Doddridge distinguished himself by a commentary on the New Testament, published under the title of the Family Expositor, which became deservedly popular, and has gone through many editions. After his death appeared a Course of Lectures on the principal Subjects of Pneumatology, Ethics and Divinity, with References to the most con

siderable Authors on each of those subjects (4to., 1763; republished, with improvements, by doctor Kippis, in 1794, 2 vols., 8vo.). Doctor Doddridge was also the author of sermons, hymns, devotional treatises, &c.

DODECANDRIA (from dudɛka, twelve, and ane, man); the 12th class of Linnæus, in botany, because it comprises plants with hermaphrodite flowers, that have 12 male organs. It is, however, not limited to this number: several genera of this class have 16, 18, and even 19 stamens. The essential character is, that the stamens, however numerous, are inserted into the receptacle.

DODINGTON, George Bubb (lord Melcombe Regis), was the son of a gentleman of fortune; or, as others say, of an apothecary, named Bubb, who married into a wealthy family, in Dorsetshire. He was born in 1691, was elected member of parliament for Winchelsea, in 1715, and was soon after appointed envoy to the court of Spain. In 1720, by the death of his maternal uncle, he came into possession of a large estate, and took the surname of Dodington. In 1724, having closely connected himself with sir Robert Walpole, he was appointed a lord of the treasury, and became clerk of the pells in Ireland. He afterwards joined the opposition, and, on the fall of Walpole, became treasurer of the navy. This party he also quitted, in order to lead the opposition under Frederic, prince of Wales, whose death for some time arrested his career. In 1755, he accepted his former post of treasurer of the navy, under the duke of Newcastle, but lost it the following year. On the accession of George III, he was early received into the confidence of lord Bute; and, in 1761, was advanced to the peerage by the title of lord Melcombe, and died the following year. This versatile politician was generous, magnificent and convivial in private life, and the patron or friend of Young, Thomson, Glover, Fielding, Bentley, Voltaire, Lyttelton and Chesterfield, who, with many of meaner pretensions, mingled at his hospitable table. He is best known by his celebrated Diary, published in 1784, by Henry Penruddock Wyndham, Esq. A more curious exposition of avarice, vanity, servility and selfishness, as a place-hunter and trading politician, has seldom been exhibited. It is a most extraordinary instance of a self-recorded and seemingly unconscious prostration of honorable and mauly feelings to the acquirement of place, emolument and

court favor.

DODONA-DODWELL.

DODONA; a celebrated place in Epirus, built, according to tradition, by Deucalion, containing one of the most ancient oracles in Greece. The oracle belonged to Jupiter, and near the splendid temple was a sacred grove, in which there was a prophetic oak. Jupiter, says the fable, had presented to his daughter Thebe two doves, which possessed the faculty of speaking. One day they left Thebes in Egypt, taking their course, the one to Libya, where it founded the oracle of Jupiter Ammon, the other to Epirus, where, alighting on an oak tree, it announced, in a loud voice, to the inhabitants, that it was the will of Jupiter to establish there an oracle. The prophetic priestesses announced the divine communications in different ways. They approached the sacred tree, and listened to the rustling of its leaves, or, standing by the fountain at the foot of the tree, observed the murmuring of the water which gushed forth from the earth. They also prophesied from the sounds issuing from brazen vessels, which were suspended from the pillars of the temple, &c.

DODSLEY, Robert, an ingenious poet and dramatist, was born of parents in humble life, at Mansfield, in Nottinghamshire, in 1703. He was apprenticed to a stockingweaver, but left that employment, became footman to the honorable Mrs. Lowther, and published by subscription a volume of poems, entitled the Muse in Livery, which attracted public favor less from its intrinsic merit than from the situation of the author. His next effort was the Toyshop, a dramatic satire on the fashionable follies of the time. Pope patronised this piece, and, through his influence, it was brought upon the stage in 1735. Dodsley was enabled, by his profits as an author, to set up a bookseller's shop in Pall-Mall, which ultimately proved a very prosperous concern. He next wrote the farce of the King and the Miller of Mansfield, founded on an old ballad; which succeeded so well, that he produced a sequel to it, called Sir John Cockle at Court. In 1741, he brought out a musical piece, entitled the Blind Beggar of Bethnal Green; and, in 1745, he made an attempt to introduce on the stage a new species of pantomime, in Rex et Pontifex. A loyal masque in honor of the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, appeared in 1749. His next work was the Economy of Human Life, a well known collection of moral maxims. He wrote a tragedy, entitled Cleone, which had some success on the stage, but possesses no extraordinary merit. A selection of Fables

267

in prose, with an Essay on Fable prefixed, was one of his latest productions. Having acquired a competent fortune by his double occupation of author and bookseller, he retired from business. He died at Durham, in 1764. He planned the Preceptor; the Collection of Old Plays, 12 vols., 12mo.; and the Collection of Poems by different Hands, 6 vols., 12mo.

Re

DODWELL, Henry, a critic and theological writer of distinction, was born at Dublin, in 1641, and, owing to family misfortunes during the Irish rebellion, and the death of his father, was early subjected to a life of want and dependence. Sir Henry Slingsby, his mother's brother, at length enabled him to obtain some education. In 1656, he became a student of Trinity college, Dublin, where he distinguished himself by his application, and was chosen to a fellowship. This station he resigned in 1666, because he had scruples relative to the lawfulness of taking orders in the church, as enjoined by the statutes of the college. He then visited England, and for some time resided at Oxford. turning to Ireland, he began his career of authorship with a preface to a theological tract of his tutor, doctor Stearn. His next production was entitled Two Letters of Advice; 1. for the Susception of Holy Orders; 2. for Studies Theological, especially such as are rational. To the second edition of this work (1681) was annexed a Discourse on the Phoenician History of Sanchoniathon, which he deemed spurious. In 1674, he came again to England, and settled in London, where he continued to employ his pen. In 1688, he was chosen Camden professor of history at Oxford. After the revolution, his highchurch principles inducing him to espouse the cause of the nonjurors, he was deprived of his office. He died in 1711. He produced a multitude of works relating to theological and classical literature. Of these, the most valuable is entitled De veteribus Græcorum, Romanorumque Cyclis, obiterque de Cyclo Judæorum Etate Christi, Dissertationes X. cum Tabulis necessariis, &c. (folio); and another, entitled An Epistolary Discourse, proving from the Scriptures and the first Fathers, that the Soul is a Principle naturally mortal, but immortalized actually by the Pleasure of God, to Punishment or to Reward, by its Union with the divine baptismal Spirit ; where it is proved that none have the Power of giving this divine immortalizing Spirit since the Apostles, but only the Bishops. This work gave rise to a warm controversy, and subjected the author to much obloquy.

268

DOE, JOHN, and RICHARD ROE. Bail, and Writ.)

DOE-DOG.

(See

Dog (canis familiaris). To no animal is mankind more indebted for faithful and unswerving affection than to the dog. His incorruptible fidelity, his forbearing and enduring attachment, his inexhaustible diligence, ardor and obedience, have been noticed and eulogized from the earliest times. This valuable quadruped may be emphatically termed the friend of man; as, unlike other animals, his attachment is purely personal, and uninfluenced by changes of time or place. The dog seems to remember only the benefits which he may have received, and, instead of discovering resentment when he is chastised, exposes himself to torture, and even licks the hand from which it proceeds. With out the aid of this almost reasoning animal, how could man have resisted the attacks of the savage and ferocious tenants of the forest, or have procured sustenance in those ages of the world when agriculture was unknown!-When we attempt to trace the source or origin of the species, it will be found that the changes and varieties, which the influence of domestication and the intermixture of races have produced, are so multifarious and interminable as to baffle all research. Pennant is of opinion that the original stock of dogs in the old world is with great reason supposed to be the jackal; that from their tamed offspring, casually crossed with the wolf, the fox, and even the hyæna, have arisen the numberless forms and sizes of the canine race. Buffon, with much ingenuity, has traced out a genealogical table of all the known dogs, deducing all the other varieties from the shepherd's dog, variously affected by climate, and other casual circumstances. From the recent observations of travellers in the high northern parts of this continent, where, although dogs have been employed for an incalculable length of time, they still retain much of the external appearance and general carriage of a wild animal, it would seem that Pennant's suggestion is worthy of attention. But, at the same time, it should be remarked, that the breed of dogs, produced from the wolf and varieties of the domestic dog, during a long succession of generations, still retains marked characteristics of the predominance of the savage qualities derived from its untamed progenitors, in the keen and vivid expression of the eye, ferocity of disposition and severity of bite. It is also a singular fact, that the race of European dogs evince as great an antipathy to the Esquimaux species as they do to a wolf.

Linnæus has asserted that the tail of this animal, in all its species and varieties, invariably bends to the left; but, although such is very often the case, it is by no means universal, as the slightest observation will demonstrate. Desmarest, however, has remarked a peculiarity as respects the tail of dogs, which appears much better entitled to rank as a specific character; that, whenever this member is of white united with any other color, the white is always terminal. The same remark applies to other species of this genus equally with the dogs. Naturalists have divided dogs into several classes: 1. mastiffs, including the dog of New Holland, the mastiff, (particularly so called), the Danish dog, and the varieties of greyhound; 2. the spaniels, including the spaniel and its varieties, the water-dog, the hound, the terrier, the shepherd's dog, the wolf-dog, the Siberian dog, the Esquimaux dog, and the alco or Peruvian dog; 3. bull-dogs, consisting of the bull-dog and its varieties, the housedog, the turnspit, the pug, &c. The sagacity and attention of the dog are so great, that it is not difficult to teach him to hunt, dance, and exhibit a thousand tricks. The mode in which he is taught to point out different cards that are placed near him is this:-He is first taught, by repeated trials, to know something by a certain mark, and then to distinguish one ace from another; food is frequently offered him on a card he is unacquainted with, after which he is sent to search it out from the pack; and, after a little experience, he never mistakes. Profiting by the discovery of receiving food and caresses for his docility, he soon becomes able to know each particular card, which, when it is called for, he brings with an air of gayety, and without confusion. But of the attainments by which the dog has been distinguished, that of learning to speak is the most extraordinary. The celebrated Leibnitz communicated a fact of this nature to the royal academy of France; and were it not that he asserts, that he himself was a witness of the phenomenon, we should scarcely have dared to report the circumstance. The dog, from his account, could articulate about thirty words, but it was necessary that they should be first pronounced to him.-Dogs are found in all parts of the world, with the exception of a few groups of islands in the southern Pacific ocean.

It is only in temperate climates that they preserve their ardor, courage, sagacity and other talents. When transported to very hot countries, they lose those qualities for which we admire them.

DOG-DOG-FISH.

These animals form an important article
of food among many nations. In China,
the Society islands, &c., young puppies are
considered a great delicacy, and are al-
lowed by Europeans, who have overcome
their prejudices, to be very sweet and pal-
atable. This taste for dog's flesh is of very
early origin. The ancients regarded a
young and fat dog as excellent food; and
Hippocrates placed it on a footing with
mutton and pork, and, in another place, ob-
serves, that the flesh of a grown dog is
wholesome and nourishing. The Romans
admired sucking puppies, and sacrificed
them to the gods, as the most acceptable
offering. Virgil has not thought the praise
of dogs a subject unworthy of his pen.
He recommends it to the husbandmen of
Italy to pay particular attention to the
rearing and training of dogs.* The dog
is born with its eyes closed; they do not
become opened until the tenth or twelfth
day; its teeth begin to change about the
fourth month, and its growth is perfected
in two years. The female generally has a
litter of from six to twelve pups. The dog
seldom lives beyond fifteen years. (See
Bloodhound, Bull-Dog, Greyhound, Hound,
Mastiff, Pointer, Spaniel, Shepherd's Dog.)
DOG-BANE (apocynum androsamifoli-
um, Lin.), a perennial American plant
found from Canada to Carolina, has an
erect smooth stem from three to five feet
high, and leaves acute, entire, and two or
three inches long.-The whole plant is
lactescent: the root is intensely bitter and
nauseous. It is considered as containing
a bitter extractive principle, soluble in
water and alcohol, a coloring principle
soluble in water only, a very large quantity
of caoutchouc, and a volatile oil. It is a
very active plant, highly valued by our
southern Indians. The root is the most
powerful part, and is much employed by
our country physicians instead of ipecacu-
anha. Thirty grains of the recently pow-
dered root evacuate the stomach as effectu-
ally as two thirds of this quantity of ipe-
cacuanha, by which name it is known in
various parts of the Eastern States. Its
power is diminished by keeping, and de-
stroyed by age. Doctor Bigelow remarks,
that we have very few indigenous vegeta-
bles which exceed this apocynum in bit-
terness, and thinks the sensible and chem-
ical properties of the root promise a good
effect, when given in small doses as a
tonic medicine.

DOG-DAYS. This name is applied to the
Nec tibi cura canum fuerit postrema; sed una

Velocis Spartæ catulos, acremque molossum,
Parce sero pingui, &c.-Georg. lib. iii. v. 404.

23 *

269

period between the 24th July and 24th
August, because the dog-star (Sirius), dur-
The
ing this period, rises with the sun.
heat, which is usually most oppressive at
this season, was formerly ascribed to the
conjunction of this star with the sun.

DOGE; formerly the title of the first magistrates in the Italian republics of Venice and Genoa. (q. v.) He was chosen from the nobility, who governed the state, and formed a tyrannical aristocracy. In Venice, he held his dignity for life; in Genoa, for two years. His power became, by degrees, very limited. In rank he was considered only equal to a duke, though the republic of Venice was in dignity equal to a kingdom. (See Ceremonial.)

DOG-FISH; the popular name of several species of the genus squalus, or shark, which are arranged by Cuvier under his sub-genus scyllium. S. canicula and S. catulus are the two most common species, and those in particular to which the trivial name is given. In their general anatomy, they differ but little from the other sub-genera of the great shark family, so well known for their ferocious and savage habits. The dog-fishes, though among the smallest of the tribe, manifest propensities equally cruel with those which have rendered the white shark and others so justly dreaded. Although seldom or never injurious to man, they commit great ravages in the fisheries, and, where they abound, constitute one of the greatest nuisances of the fishermen. Exceedingly voracious, and devouring almost every thing they encounter, the mischief they occasion by taking the baits, and very often the hooks, of the deep sea lines, is very considerable, and not at all compensated for by the flesh of those which are captured. The sub-genus is characterized by having a short, obtuse snout; the nostrils situated near the mouth, and in a sinus, or groove, which runs along the edge of the upper lip, partially covered by two lobes or productions of the skin ; teeth with a large triangular point, and a smaller one on each side. The larger species, S. canicula, is distinguished by the following characters: blackish brown. marked with numerous small blackish spots; length 3 to 5 feet; inhabits the seas of almost every portion of the globe; swift, voracious, and very powerful; follows ships to feed upon the refuse which is thrown overboard; feeds on small fish mollusca, and destroys great numbers of the young of its own species; breeds several times a year, and brings forth numerous individuals at a birth. The young are hatched from the egg, in the compli

DOG-FISH-DOGMAS, HISTORY OF.