Sweden, was followed by a new war with this crown, and a new alliance with Napoleon, July 10, 1813. On this account, after the battle of Leipsic, the northern powers, who were united against France, occupied Holstein and Sleswic. Glückstadt and other fortifications were captured, and the Danish troops driven beyond Flensburg, Denmark now concluded a peace with England and Sweden, Jan. 14, 1814, at Kiel. She also entered into an alliance against France, and contributed a body of troops to the allied forces. She was obliged to cede Heligoland to Great Britain (receiving in exchange the West India islands), and Norway to Sweden (for which she was compensated by Swedish Pomerania and Rügen). A peace was concluded with Russia in February, 1814. Jan. 14, 1815, Denmark ceded Swedish Pomerania and Rügen to Prussia, and received for them Lauenburg and a pecuniary compensation. June 8, 1815, the king entered into the German confederacy with Holstein and Lauenburg, and received in it the tenth place, and three votes in the general assembly (the plenum); after which, by the appointment of a decemviral commission, preliminary measures were taken to introduce a representative government into Holstein. Denmark consists of the islands of Zealand, Fühnen, Langeland, Laaland, Falster, Bornholm and Moen, the peninsula of Jutland and the duchy of Sleswic. To the Danish kingdom belong also two states of the German confederacy, the duchies of Holstein and Lauenburg; likewise the Faroe islands, Iceland, the western coast of Greenland, some places in Guinea, and the city and territory of Tranquebar, in the East Indies. Denmark Proper and Sleswic contain only 17,375 square miles; Iceland and the Faroe islands, 30,270; the German states, 3665; and the colonies, 7173. The whole kingdom, with its dependencies, contains 58,500 square miles, of which Iceland and the coast of Greenland compose 36,128. Denmark Proper is estimated to contain 1,230,000 inhabitants; Holstein and Lauenburg, 370,000; Iceland, in the year 1823, 49,269; the Faroe islands, 5300; and the rest of the colonies, 101,000; so that the whole kingdom contains 1,750,000, or, according to some accounts, 1,864,534 inhabitants. The people, partly Danes and partly Germans, speak Danish in Denmark Proper, Norse in Iceland and the Faroe islands, and German in the high and low German and Frisian dialects. Bondage no longer prevails among the peasants, but they con tinue to be attached to the soil in Denmark Proper. The principal island, Zealand (Dan. Sälland), is separated by the Sound (q.v.) from Sweden, the island Fühnen (Dan. Fyen) by the Great Belt, from Zealand, and by the Little Belt from the peninsula of Jutland (Dan. Jylland): these three straits form the passage from the German ocean to the Baltic sea. The country is perfectly level, with the exception of a single ridge of moderate elevation, which runs through the duchies. The coasts are low, and, for the most part, protected against the encroachments of the waves by flats, and require artificial dykes only on the side of the German ocean. The soil consists partly of marshes and partly of heaths, and the country is moderately fruitful. By the improvident extirpation of the woods, which protected the northern and north-western coasts of Jutland against the sea, vast extents of fruitful territory have become barren and sandy deserts, The church at Skagen, in the most northern parish of Jutland, at present lies almost buried in heaps of sand, driven up by the sea. An attempt has lately been nade to check this devastation, by planting firs, birches, &c., also certain herbs that flourish best in sand; by which means a great part of those sandy regions have once more put on a verdant dress. Besides the Elbe, the boundary stream of the kingdom, it has only a few rivers on the coast. There are many lakes in the interior, as the Schall and the Ratzeburger lakes in Lauenburg, Plöner and Selenter lakes in Holstein; and several bays, the most considerable of which is situated in North Jutland, called the Limfiord. The Cattegat or Skaggerack, between the consts of Jutland and Sweden, is considered by some as a bay: it is connected with the Baltic by the Sound and the two Belts. The climate, for the most part, is temperate, but very wet. The staple productions of Denmark are grain, rape-sced, tobacco, &c.: 4,000,000 pounds of the last are raised annually, and sold mostly in foreign countries. Hemp and flax are not raised in sufficient quantities to satisfy the demand of the people: the same is the case with madder (which, however, thrives very well), and with hops. Horticulture is neglected in Denmark Proper. Sea-weed is used for stuffing cushions, &c., instead of horse-hair. Forests are rare, and the price of wood high; turf, however, is very abundant. The breeding of cattle furnishes the only important article of exportation: for example, every year Denmark Proper exports 16,000 horses and 7000 DENMARK. oxen. Olofsen fixes the number of horned cattle, not including those raised in the duchies, at 1,484,000 head: the sheep amount to 1,338,000 head, including 20,000 merinos. Swine and poultry, too, are raised in large numbers. The larger kinds of game are very rare. The fisheries supply a part of North Germany with herring, oysters, lobsters, &c. Among the minerals are clay, iron, copper, alum, lime (in Segeberg), and salt (less than is wanted) from salt-springs. The manufactures are few, and carried on principally in Copenhagen and Altona: the Danish gloves, which come from Jutland, are esteemed in Germany. Trade, especially to the West Indies, and navigation, have begun to revive. The Holstein canal joins the Baltic sea and the North sea. The charter of the Asiatic company was extended, in 1812, to 30 years after the peace; but the shares have fallen. Denmark now contains, without including Iceland and the Faroe islands, 100 cities, 37 boroughs, 2305 parishes and 5500 villages. The government is an absolute monarchy. The crown is hereditary both in the male and female line. The king's oldest son is styled the crown-prince; the other princes of the blood are called princes of Denmark. Copenhagen is the royal residence. The title of the sovereign, since Jan. 1, 1820, has been, king of Denmark, of the Vandals and the Goths, duke of Sleswic, Holstein, Stormarn, the Ditmarsh, and of Lauenburg and Oldenburg. The orders of knighthood are the order of the elephant and the order of the Danebrog (order of the royal banner). In Denmark Proper there are no estates. The highest council of state is the privy council, to which the administration of domestic affairs has belonged since 1814. The Lutheran is the prevailing religion, but unlimited toleration is extended to every religious sect, not excepting the Jews. There are two universities (at Copenhagen and Kiel), There is also an academy of arts, a royal society of sciences, and many private institutions and societies of learned men, 40 gymnasia, and 13 seminaries of teachers. Lancastrian or monitorial schools were first established in Denmark in 1823; but their progress has been rapid beyond example. In 1823, the system was introduced into 244 schools: in 1824, the number was 605; in 1825, 1143; in 1826, 1543; in 1827, 2003; in 1828, 2302; and in 1829, the additions made would carry it to 2616. The Sound dues now afford a revenue of more than 450,000 dollars. The public debt, it is conjec 187 tured, amounts in silver to 10 million rix dollars banco of foreign, and 100 millions of domestic debt, including two recent loans in Hamburg and London. The value of bank-bills in circulation, in 1823, a little exceeded 21,325,000 rix dollars banco. Paper money is worth about 40 per cent. in comparison with specie; and a bank dollar in silver is worth 1 Hamburg marks banco. The land force consisted, in 1823, of 30,838 men, exclusive of the militia. The marine is subject to a board of adiniralty, or commissariate. In 1826, the navy consisted of 4 ships of the line, 7 frigates, 4 corvettes, 5 brigs, L schooner, and 80 gun-boats. Danish Language, Literature and Arts. The Danish language is a daughter of the Low German and the original Norman, which was, in the 10th century, driven to Iceland. It is believed by many, that the Anglo-Saxon language is, in fact, the Danish, and that it has been retained in its purity by the Irish. The first cultivators of this language in Denmark, as in Sweden and Norway, were the Sealds, who wrote poems in the pure German dialect, and, following their princes and generals, sung in rhymeless verse the deities and exploits of their nation. After the introduction of Christianity (about 1000), historical poems only continued to be composed (till 1265). For the introduction of this religion into Denmark, at the same time with the art of writing, the foundation was laid by the German missionary, Anschar. (See Ansgar.) Canute the Great (1015–1036), inspired by his wife, Emma, with zeal for Christianity, and a liberal spirit towards the clergy, sent Anglo-Saxon teachers to Denmark, established the bishoprics of Schonen, Zealand, and Fühnen, and spread Christianity through all the rest of the North. He sought to promote trade and commerce, coined new money, and established more fixed laws. Immediately after Christianity, chivalry, also, was introduced into Scandinavia, particularly by the French crusades, and found an easy reception among the inhabitants, who were extremely fond of bold adventures. Tournaments were so common at the Danish court, that every stranger who visited it was obliged to break a spear with some of the courtiers. The Danes engaged in the first crusade. This new spirit of chivalry had necessarily a favorable influence on poetry. The oldest Danish poetry extant is the epic of the Skyldingians, first published complete by Thorkelin (De Danorum rel. Gest. Secul. III et IV', Poema Dan. Dialect. * Anglo-Saxon, etc. Copenhagen, 1815, 4to.). Of a much later date (16th century) is the collection of the heroic ballads and romances of love (Kjempeviser and Elskovsviser), published by Wedel and Syv, and latest by Abrahamson, Nyerup and Rahbeck, 1812-14, in 5 vols., which has been translated into German by W. L. Grimm, who has done much for the northern poetry (Altdänische Heldenlieder, Balladen, und Märchen, Heidelburg, 1811). Nyerup and Rahbeck likewise published, a short time since, a selection from the manuscript Danish poems of the middle ages, with valuable commentaries. Their poetical value, indeed, is very unequal; but most of them contain genuine poetry, and much national spirit. The latest Danish dramatists have drawn much from these storehouses. Among the heroic poems, many illustrate the cycle of the old Heldenbuch. (q. v.) The first Danish historians are Sueno (Svend) Aagesen (about 1188), and the celebrated Saxo-Grammaticus, properly Lang, of Schoten (who died in 1204), both of whom, by the suggestion of Absalon, archbishop of Lund, wrote, the former a concise history of the Danish kings from 300 to 1186 (Suenonis Aggonis Opuscula, ed. Stephan. Sora, 1642), the latter a complete history of Denmark (Historia, Libb. xvi. ed. Stephanius Sora, 1644; Klotzius, 1771, 4to.), to the year 1186, in 16 vols. in a correct Latin style. The reformation, introduced in 1527, and still more the extension of trade, had a great influence on the intellectual progress of Denmark. In consequence of the reformation, the Germans obtained an important influence over the church and the literature of Denmark. The Danes studied in Germany. German was the language of the court, and Latin the language of the learned. The attempts of authors in their vernacular tongue were as yet insignificant. A Danish translation of the New Testament was made in 1524, on the model of Luther's. Danish became the language of literature, partly in the 16th, and still more in the 17th century, and was distinguished for its softness and euphony, and for the expressiveness of its abstract terms. The language of poetry seems, at present, to have left prose far in the rear. The first Danish grammar was edited by Erich Pontoppidan (Copenhagen, 1668). Many useful grammars were afterwards prepared by James Baden and others, and, in the 16th century, some Danish-Latin dictionaries. (See the Literatura antiquissima, of Olaf Worm, a Dane (Copenhagen, 1651), and others.) The Danish is the only Teutonic language which has a real passive voice. In regard to prose, the Danish language has been highly enriched by Holberg (q. v.), who, in one view, may justly be called the father of modern Danish literature, having applied it to many branches of literature, and particularly to the drama. Much has been done for the improvement of the public taste by J. Wielandt (died 1730), J. Sch. Sneedorf (died 1764), in their journals, and by J. Baden (died 1804), who paid particular attention to the purity of the language, and discharged with success the office of a critic. Literary institutions were, moreover, established and supported by Frederic V, and Christian VII, which greatly promoted the native literature of the country. T. Rothe, P. F. Suhm (a Danish historian, who died in 1799), an excellent prose writer still living, Cnud Lyne Rahbeck (professor, and knight of the order of the Danebrog, who published various literary works, 1785-93, in three parts, consisting of dramatic works and narratives, and who exerted no small influence upon the Danish national taste, as editor of the Northern Minerva and Danish Spectator), J. Ch. Bastholm, Birkner, Rasmus, Nyerup, Anders, Gamborg, Frederic Münter, and Baggesen, have well founded claims to the reputation of clear, strong, and agreeable writers. In practical science and natural philosophy, the Danes have distinguished themselves most. must not omit the renowned astronomer, Tycho de Brahe (see Tycho), and the mineralogist, Olaf Worm, who died in 1654. Much has been done for the cause of education in Denmark, in modern times, by the establishment of schools, universities and literary societies. There are also institutions for instruction in gymnastic exercises, such as swimming, for instance, well worthy of general imitation. Geography and practical astronomy are under great obligations to Thomas Bugge (q. v.), who was invited to Paris in 1798, by the French directory, to take part in the establishment of the new system of weights and measures. Many learned men, whom he drew from obscurity, have contributed to give value to the Transactions of the scientific society at Copenhagen (now amounting to 24 vols.: the latest series is called Det Kongelige Danske Vidensz. Selskaber Skrifter). The late convulsed state of Europe excited in Denmark much attention to the military art, and all the foreign improvements were adopted. Denmark has always been more distinguished for its naval than its land We forces. DENMARK. The Danish admiralty deserves the general gratitude for the publication of the charts prepared under the direction of Paul de Löwenörn, and greatly increased in value by learned illustrations. Further improvements were made in this department by U. S. Rosenwinge, who died in 1820. The numerous editions of Lous's nautical works, among a people who despise all theory, if it cannot be reduced to practice, bear witness to their practical excellence. The investigation of the antiquities of the country has received much attention from the following scholars, some of whom are still living:-Viborg, N. E. P. Grundtvig, Sandtvig, Thorkelin, Thorlacius, Nyerup and Rhabeck. The two last published Contributions to the History of Danish Poetry (Copenhagen, 1800-8 in 4 vols.), and, with Abrahamson, the Collection of Poems of the Middle Ages. The poetry of the Danes, in modern times, has been splendid. It began with religious pieces and national songs, of which the Danes have a great number, and may be considered as having commenced with Andr. Chr. Arreboe, who died in 1637. The Hexaemeron of Arreboe is extremely heavy. Andr. Bording (died 1677) took Opite for his pattern. Poetic vigor, however, is wanting in him and in his successors, Jens Steno Schestedt (died 1698), Paul Pettersen, the poet of the people, William Helt, who flourished about 1703, Nicholas Kingo (died 1703, while bishop), who celebrated the achievements of the Danish kings in a heroic poem, and George Lorterap (died 1722). Much improvement was introduced, about the middle of the 18th century, by the ardent enthusiasm of Louis Holberg, a Norwegian. He deserves to be particularly mentioned here, as an original comic and satirical poet. (For a further account of his works, see Holberg.) The society established in 1758, for the advancement of the fine arts, and the improvement of taste, brought into notice the works of men of talents, among whom the original Ch. B. Tullin (who died in 1765) was most distinguished. In the second half of the 18th century, a warm literary controversy commenced, and many estimable poets, including several Norwegians, made successful attempts in various departments of literature. Even at present, however, they are much given to the imitation of foreign models. Among late poets most distinguished, are the tragedian and lyric poet, John Ewald (q. v.), N. Weyer (1788, a poet of much talent; he is the author of Poct. Forsög, Copenhagen, 1789), the lyric poet and dramatist, 189 Rahbeck, the satirical and comic poets, Guldberg, John. Herm. Wessel (died 1786), the next comic writer after Holberg, and famous for his comedy, Love without Stockings, and many comic poems. Rahbeck published the 4th edition of his poems in 1817. Other distinguished poets are P. A. Heiberg, En. de Falsen (died 1808), the lyric and dramatic Brun, Th. Thaarup (q. v.), who wrote much for the stage, J. C. Tode, Ch. Lovinus, Sander, Pram, the successful poet of the people, Frimann, Rein-Storm (the last are Norwegians), a female writer named Brun (q. v.), who has written spirited poetry in the German language, Jens Baggesen (q. v.), a lyric poet, full of animation and strength, though at times heavy, and Oehlenschläger. (q. v.) His best pieces are Hakon Jarl, Planatoke, Axel und Walburg, Correggio, Aladdin, The Shepherd's Boy. The last mentioned poets are to be numbered, also, among German authors, as they all write in that language likewise. B. S. Ingemann (q. v.) now shares the public favor with Oehlenschläger. Of late years, much has been translated from the German. An epic poem, called the Deliverance of Israel, in 18 cantos, by J. M. Herz, which obtained the prize of the society of fine arts, notwithstanding this honor, seems to have met but a cold reception from the public. Copenhagen could probably boast of the youngest authoress in Europe. Virgilia Christ. Lund, at the age of only ten years, published, in 1820, a piece called Two for One, and subsequently a small dramatic piece, The faithless Maid discovered. The irritability of poets is nowhere more striking than in Denmark, where they are constantly quarrelling. This polemical spirit is very strong in N. F. Sev. Gruntvig, by whom two quarto volumes of the Chronicles of Denmark, by Saxo Grammaticus, have been translated into Danish (Copenhagen, 1818-19), and given to the public. The musical productions of Denmark have been inferior in richness and abundance to the literary. Thorwaldsen (q. v.) has roused the ambition of his country to aspire to excel in the fine arts. Under his direction, many promising Danish youth, as, for instance, Freund, have been and are. still receiving instruction. Lahde has published sketches of the works of Thorwaldsen, with poetical explanations by Oehlenschläger. Intellectual activity is kept up, in Denmark, by many excellent periodicals. There are many well-ordered literary societies; and lately the study of the Scandinavian language and antiquities has grown so fashionable, that a Scandi- DENNER, Balthaser, a celebrated portrait painter, was born at Hamburg in 1685, and died at Rostock in 1749. He was especially distinguished for the remarkable exactness of his execution, or rather the almost microscopic accuracy of his paintings. He learned to draw at Altona, and to paint in oil at Dantzic, and afterwards travelled. All the northern princes invited him to their courts to paint their portraits. The emperor Charles VI paid him 4700 florins for the head of an aged woman. It is now in the imperial gallery at Vienna. Denner likewise painted the head of an old man for the same prince, a pendant of the former, which is also a masterpiece. There are some beautiful portraits painted by him in Munich. DENNER, John Christian, invented the clarinet. He was born at Leipsic in 1655, and went to Nuremberg with his parents in his eighth year, where he was employed in making wind instruments, especially flutes. He died in 1707. DENNEWITZ; a small town in the march of Brandenburg, famous for the battle between the French and Prussians, Sept. 6, 1813, the former commanded by Ney (under whom were Oudinot, Bertrand, Regnier and Arrighi), the latter by Tauenzien and Bülow. 40,000 Prussians maintained their ground for several hours against 80,000 French; and, on the arrival of the Russian and Swedish battalions, victory declared in favor of the allies, who, after the Russians and Swedes came up, were far superior in numbers. The French were defeated, and fled in disor der, with their auxiliaries, consisting of Bavarians, Wurtembergians, Saxons and Poles. This battle was a consequence of the battle at Grosbeeren. (q. v.) DENNIE, Joseph, born in Boston, Aug. 30, 1768, was the son of a respectable merchant. He early evinced a decided fondness for polite literature, and entered He left this Harvard college in 1787. institution in 1790, and entered the office of a lawyer at Charleston, N. H. At the expiration of three years, he made a successful début at the bar. From Charleston he soon removed to Walpole, where he opened an office, but gained very little business, owing to his literary taste and irregular habits. For four months, he officiated as reader of prayers for an Episcopalian congregation at Claremont. In the spring of 1795, he endeavored to establishi, at Boston, a weekly paper under the title of The Tablet. This, however, survived but a short time. Not long after, he returned to Walpole, to act as editor of the Farmer's Museum, a journal in which he published a series of essays, with the signature of The Lay Preacher. In 1799, he went to Philadelphia, in consequence of being appointed a clerk in the office of the secretary of state. On the |