5

3

12

22 2 2:

English Presbyterian Mission (Swatow, Amoy, Ta-kao, Pekin).

278

English United Methodist Free Churches (Ningpo).....

English Wesleyan Mission (Canton, Kinkiang, Haukow).

Hong Kong Diocesan Female School (Hong Kong).

Total in 1866: ordained missionaries, 97; lay missionaries, 14; missionary ladies, 93; whole number of missionaries, 204; number of native helpers, 206; number of members received in 1865, 282; whole number of native inembers, 3,142. One of the most remarkable awakenings that is known in the whole history of Protestantism of China took place in 1866, in connection with the out-stations of the Tientsin mission of the English New-Connection Methodists, especially at Lou-Leing, where in September forty-five persons were admitted to baptism. The converts added to the mission churches of the London Society, in Shanghai, and the province of which it forms the capital, numbered, during the year 1866, 189.

CHOLERA, ASIATIC. This formidable disease gave evidence that it was not extinguished,

either in Europe or America, during the year 1867. There were few or no marked cases in the cities of the Atlantic coast, though several ships arrived at the New York quarantine which had suffered severely from it since their departure from European ports. In Philadelphia · the United States receiving-ship Potomac arrived at the Navy-Yard from Pensacola, early in October, with a clean bill of health, and in a supposed good sanitary condition. On its arrival, new recruits were received on board from the city, soon after which cholera appeared on the ship, the first three who were attacked being new recruits, who had just come on board. The disease raged violently on board the ship, and forty deaths occurred from it. It did not extend to the city. The arrival of the Sassacus at the Navy-Yard of the same city a little later gave some cause of alarm, but the disease did not spread. In New York, after several months of immunity, the immigrant-ship Lord Brougham came into quarantine about the 1st of December, forty-eight days from Hamburg, having lost 75 of its passengers from cholera, and with about 20 more sick of it. On the 11th of January, 1868, the ship Leibnitz arrived from Hamburg, after a passage of sixty days, during which 105 of the passengers had died with cholera and 35 were still sick with it. In all there have been, on the four ships detained at the New York quarantine, 440 cases and 238 deaths. An English troopship, the Himalaya, brought the disease from Malta to Quebec, losing a large number of passengers during the voyage. In none of these cases did the disease extend to the ports them

selves. In Havana it raged with considerable severity during the autumn and early winter, several hundred deaths occurring from it. But the most marked ravages of the disease on this continent were in the Mississippi Valley and the plains of Kansas and Nebraska. The principal towns near the Gulf of Mexico were visited by it, Pensacola, Mobile, and New Orleans, in particular reporting a very considerable aggregate of deaths from it, though it was less violent there than on former occasions. In Mobile and New Orleans it was, a part of the time, coexistent with yellow fever, beginning before that disease, and continuing after it had subsided. The entire number of deaths in either city is not reported, but in New Orleans, from the 1st of August to the 24th of November, there were 251 deaths from Asiatic cholera. On the river ports of the Mississippi, Natchez, Helena, and Memphis, it raged with much greater comparative intensity, in the latter city producing a very severe mortality for several weeks. It also ascended the Arkansas River to Little Rock, and thence to Fort Gibson and Fort Arbuckle. At Fort Gibson it commenced in June, and there was a mortality for several days of 25 per day in that smail population. It extended also among the Cherokee and Creek Indians. In St. Louis no deaths from Asiatic cholera were reported, but during the months of August, September, and October, 851 from cholera morbus. That most of these were genuine cholera, hardly admits of a doubt. On the plains its ravages were for a time frightful. It appeared about the 1st of June in Fort Leavenworth, which has always been a favorite seat of the malady, having had eight epidemics of it since 1833. From thence it extended to Forts Riley and Harker, and to the new town of Ellsworth, on the Pacific Railroad; and in all these places, soldiers, army officers, railroad superintendents, and laborers, died in great numbers from it. There is much reason to apprehend that in the spring and summer of 1868 it may appear with great virulence on the Atlantic coast.

On the EASTERN CONTINENT there have been severe outbursts of the disease at various points of Asia and Europe. Hurdwar, on the southeastern boundary of the Punjab, in Northern India, is one of the sacred places to which in April of each year pilgrims resort in large numbers, usually three or four hundred thousand people; and every twelfth year, from one and a half to two millions. This twelfth year came in 1865, and the frightful epidemic which spread westward from thence, at that time, is well known. But at each annual gathering, of late years, cholera makes its appearance, and is carried thence in all directions. In April and May, 1867, it extended from Hurdwar to Umballa, Lodiana, and Lahore, Altock, and Peshawur, thence crossing the western Himalaya to Cabul, Balk, and Bokhara, and thence to Astrachan and Orenburg. In the latter cities, the disease, having exhausted

itself in its progress, found but few victims; but in the first part of its course every mile was marked by hundreds and in some places thousands of dead bodies. Other portions of India were scourged with the pestilence, and particularly the holy cities Gaya, Patna, Benares, and Allahabad.

In EUROPE, the cholera prevailed at Warsaw, Poland, between June and August, and there were about 4,000 cases and 2,000 deaths. In Rotterdam, Holland, there was an outbreak of it in September, and for two or three weeks there were 18 or 20 deaths daily. Zurich, Switzerland, suffered severely from it, having 591 cases during the summer. It was brought hither directly from Rome. Italy has again been ravaged by it, there having been about 63,000 cases and 32,000 deaths from it on the peninsula, and in Sicily (which escaped by a rigid quarantine in 1866) 12,000 cases and 7,000 deaths in two weeks. The people, in their ignorance, believed that the soldiers through whom it had been introduced, and the priests, were endeavoring to poison them, and in several places they mobbed their supposed enemies.

Malta was also visited with the epidemic, as was Tunis on the African coast. In Malta, the first week in October, there were 140 cases and 90 deaths. In England and France there has been no general epidemic. In England, the little town of Pill, five miles from Bristol, being densely crowded with sailors and railroad laborers, and in a very bad sanitary condition, was visited by cholera, with great severity. The most active measures for disinfection were immediately resorted to, and in twelve days the disease was at an end. This has been the result of prompt, thorough, and energetic disinfection in every case in which it has been tried.

A very ingenious and simple contrivance for disinfecting night-pails, or vessels containing any of the excreta of cholera or any other offensive matters, has been invented by a Mr. Rankin, of Brooklyn, and is called the Ready Disinfector." It is said to be simply a hollow cover, capable of containing a considerable quantity of liquid or powdered disinfectants, which closes effectually the vessel, and by a turn of the handle, without opening the vessel, lets a sufficient quantity of the disinfectant drop into it to completely destroy the offensive and poisonous effluvia, and thus permits no waste of disinfectants.

In regard to the treatment of the disease there is not, perhaps, any greater uniformity of views than in the past. Dr. Delfeau, an eminent French physician of Collioure, France, who has had large experience in cholera, gives the following statement of his method, which has at least the merit of being reasonable in its theory. The indications, he says, are :

1. Neutralize the morbid action of the cause upon the blood.

2. Excite the normal vita.ity of the vascular walls,

rine.

bark.

2. Against the malarial cause we can use Peruvian 3. And lastly, common salt will serve us in restoring to the blood its saline elements.

Thus chlorine and its preparations, Peruvian bark, and common salt, are the rational remedies to be used against epidemic cholera, and the only condition of success consists in administering them always simultaneously.

When summoned in any case of cholera, Dr. Delfeau adopts the following measures:

If any indications exist of doing so, he prescribes an emetic dose of ipecacuanha, or a cathartic one of epsom salts.

lente.

Against epigastric pains, according to the case, simple mustard-plaster, or a few leeches, loco-doTo temperate vomitings, effervescing draughts, ice. Against diarrhoea, enemata containing decoction of galls, or extract of rhatany.

Against cold, aromatic drinks, warm tea, with addition of any diffusible stimulent, as brandy, Jamaica rum, ether.

Against thirst, cold water at will. The rational treatment, so successful in the hands of Dr. Delfeau, consists in the daily use of the following prescrip

tions:

The last mixture must be taken for several weeks, progressively diminishing the doses according to the state of the patient.

3. B. Cort. cinchona flav. cont., Cort. aurant. amar. cont., au 3 j. Simarubæ, 3 ij. M. Signa. Put in a pint of boiling water, and let stand for three hours. A teaspoonful morning, noon, and night.

4. B. Solutionis soda chlorinatæ, f. 3 iij.
Aquæ distill.,
Oij.

Spiritus lavandula comp., f. 3 iss. This last mixture is to be poured into the water of a bath.

The bath to be used every day, at any time considered as convenient by the medical attendant. Immediately after bathing, the patient is to be wrapped up in warm blankets, with the object of exciting a speedy reaction.

According to Dr. Delfeau's statement, the above treatment has never failed, in procuring speedy relief and cure, in the numerous cases he has had under his care, except in a few desperate ones.

COLOMBIA, UNITED STATES OF, a republic in South America. The President, General Tomas Cipriano Mosquera (April 1, 1866, to March 31, 1868), having been deposed, the

presidential functions would have devolved upon the first designado (see below), Santos in Europe, they were exercised by the second Gutierrez; but in consequence of his absence designado, Santos Acosta; American minister in Colombia, P. J. Sullivan, appointed in 1867. In the budget for 1866-67, the revenue and expenditures were each estimated at 2,350,000 piastres. The public debt, in 1861, amounted to 44 millions piastres. The federal army, in time of peace, numbers 2,000 men; in the event of war the several States are obliged to offer a contingent of one per cent. of the population. The Colombian Government claims altogether a territory of about 513,000 English square miles, while other statements (not giving to Colombia all the disputed territory) reduce it to 464.700. The population is 2,794,473, not including the uncivilized Indians, whose number is estimated at 126,000. With regard to race, de Paris, March, 1858), who puts down the M. Samper (Bulletin de la Société de Géogr. whole_population at 2,692,614, estimates the pure European population at 1,357,000, the descendants of Europeans and Indians at 600,000, Africans at 90,000, and all other 465,000. The imports of the ports of Panama and Colon (Aspinwall) were, in 1864, valued at $35,000,000, and the exports at $67,000,000. In 1865 there arrived in Colon 339 vessels, of 242,757 tons.

The year 1867 is memorable in the history of the United States of Colombia for the conflict between President Mosquera and Congress, which ended in the arrest and exile of the former. The Colombian Congress assembled on the 1st of February. On the 10th both Houses of the Legislature united for the purpose of appointing "designados" for the Executive of the Union (substitutes of the President in case of death, absence, or removal); the result was the election as 1st, 2d and 3d of Generals Santos Gutierrez and Santos Acosta and Mr. J. M. Villamizar Gallardo, in the above order. At the same time the Presidents and Governors of the several States, on whom in certain cases the Executive devolves, were appointed in the following order: Cundinamarca, Santander, Panamá, Magdalena, Antioquia, Cauca, Boyacá, Tolima, and Bolivar. Early in March the President, in consequence of the violent attacks made upon his policy by the majority of Congress, ordered Congress to adjourn, and arrested sixty-eight Senators and Representatives, among them Ex-President Murillo. On the 16th of March a compromise was effected between the President and Congress, but it was of not long duration. According to the compromise of March 16th, the law on "public order" (which had given rise to the first proceeding of Mosquera against Congress, inasmuch as it deprived him of the interference in the affairs of the several States of the republic) was to have been altered in some respects, after which it was understood that the President would give the law his sanc

tion. Instead of this, however, it was sent back to Congress with certain observations on the objectionable features yet remaining to the bill. It was accordingly submitted to a second vote, and both houses declared by large majorities that the objections of the President should not hold good, and thereby the bill became a law in spite of the veto. The law of Colombia directs that the President shall sign vetoed bills after they have passed Congress twice; but, when sent to him a second time for his signature, Mosquera replied that it was impossible for him to sanction the bill. This message was laid on the table by the House of Representatives. Another incident widened the breach still further. This was the affair of the steamer R. R. Cuyler, or as it was called after its purchase by Mosquera, Rayo, which it was reported the President could use for carrying out his unconstitutional projects. Members who had been informed of the character of this vessel and the irregularity of her purchase,. change of colors, etc., had asked the Executive for a statement of the real merits of the case, but without getting a reply other than that Mosquera was personally the owner of the steamer. Not satisfied, however, with such an answer, another and more pointed demand for information was made by the House, but no other reply whatever was elicited. When the session of Congress was drawing to a close, a third attempt to set matters right was made by the House, by a proposition to request the Executive to disarm the vessel, as she did not belong to the government, and private individuals could not by usage possess ships-of-war; also to instruct the Attorney-General to hold Mr. Salgar, minister to the United States, and other public functionaries, responsible for their criminal participation in the affair of the Rayo. The debate on this proposition was postponed until the 29th of April. Another affair precipitated the crisis. About the middle of April, the news of the attack of Mosquera's troops upon the authorities of the State of Magdalena, was received at Bogota. Congress instituted an investigation of this affair, through their standing committee on the Constitution and Laws. The majority of this committee proposed to impeach the President, Secretary of War, and other public officers implicated in the matter. The Senate declared its discontent with the action of the Executive. On the 29th of April, after a very stormy session, the majority of the House passed the resolutions of the standing committee against the Executive; the secretaries and the adherents of the President (Mosqueristas) had left the session, although it had been declared permanent. Still, on the same day, the 29th of April, General Mosquera passed a decree dissolving Congress and declaring the country in a state of war, conformably to the 91st article of the constitution. On the same day Bogota was erected into a federal district, the law which prohibited a national navy declared null and void, and

the steamer Rayo at the same time incorporated therewith. On the 30th the dictator issued a proclamation to Colombians and sent a message to the Presidents of States informing them of these occurrences.

President Aldana, of the State of Cundinamarca (of which heretofore Bogota had been the capital), was thrown into prison, and the first designado, Dr. Jesus Zimenez, put in his place. The news of these events at once kindled the civil war in nearly every State of the Confederation, the Presidents of most of the States declaring against Mosquera and in favor of Congress.

On the 25th of May, General Santos Acosta. general-in-chief of the army of the Colombian Union, and second designado for exercising the national executive power, presented himself in the government palace and notified the Grand-General, President Mosquera, that he was a prisoner in the name of the republic. This was done with the approval of the National army, and in consequence General Acosta took charge of the Executive, nominating General José Hilario Lopez general-in-chief of the army. The adherents of Mosquera continued the war only for a short time, and soon peace was restored throughout the country. A trial was instituted against Mosquera, which was concluded on the 30th of October, and its result was promulgated on November 1st. According to the Gaceta Oficial of Bogota, the charges and specifications were as follows:

The Senate of Plenipotentiaries (Senators are called Senators Plenipotentiary because the States claim to be sovereign) declares the Grand-General T. C. Mosquera guilty on the following charges: 1. Of having promulgated the decree of Oct. 6, 1866, in which he prohibited the establishment of salt depots for private use.

master-General to exclude from the mails for a cer2. Of having issued a private order to the Posttain length of time certain newspapers.

3. Of having issued a decree on the 12th of August, 1866, exempting the Postmaster-General from the obligation of taking securities from his subordi

nates.

4. Of having concluded a secret treaty with the Minister of the Republic of Peru, on the 28th of August, 1866.

These offences being of the third degree, the Genoffice (the Presidency), to pay a fine of $12, to lose eral is sentenced to four months' suspension from all political and civil rights, and undergo two years' imprisonment.

And he is absolved from the charges:

First-Relative to the decree of November 17, 1866,

which deprives the Church of the temples annexed

to the suppressed convents.

Second Relative to the revolution of the 8th of December, 1866, in which the accused person refused to recognize the authority of the Judge of the Second Circuit Court of Bogota.

Third-Relative to the arrest of Dr. Manuel Mu

rillo, the order not having emanated from the Executive.

Fourth-Relative to the order of the 17th of Nov., 1866, upon the award of maritime prizes, because the order did not take effect; and

Senate by the House of Representatives
Fifth-From all the other charges made before the

The Senate absolves José Maria Rojas Garido,

Minister of State, from all the charges against him. Declares Alejo Morales, Secretary of the Treasury, culpable of complicity in the matter of the Postoffice orders of Mosquera concerning the detention of newspapers. The said Morales is accordingly sentenced to pay a fine of $8, and be suspended from employ for two months; but as he has now no public employment, he is fined $10.

Bernardo Espinosa, Ex-Secretary of Hacienda and Fomento, is fined $8 and suspended from employ two months for participation in the issue of the decree relative to salt.

And the Secretary of War and the Navy, Rudecindo Lopez, is absolved from the charge founded upon his intervention in the secret treaty entered into with the Peruvian Minister.

General Mosquera's sentence was subsequently commuted to a fine of $12 and two years' exile. He left the republic at once and went to Peru.

The purchase of the steamer R. R. Cuyler, which has already been referred to in the conflict between President and Congress, led also to a complication with the United States. The facts in the case are stated in an official despatch from Mr. Seward, which Mr. Peter J. Sullivan, the American minister in Bogota, was directed to lay before the Acting President of the Republic. Mr. Seward, after acknowledging the official report of Mr. Sullivan on the subject, says:

By these papers I perceive that the Government of Colombia has ascertained that on the 28th of August, 1866, a secret treaty was concluded at Bogota between Plenipotentiaries of that republic and Peru, which was approved and declared to be ratified by Thomas C. de Mosquera, at that time President of the United States of Colombia, on the 20th of November, 1866; that in said treaty the republic of Colombia bound itself to buy certain vessels of war which the republic of Peru had contracted for or was contracting for in the United States, in order to use them against Spain in the war which Peru, with certain allies, was then and is still engaged in; that said United States of Colombia, before concluding that treaty, had neither allied nor engaged themselves in war against Spain, but became allies secretly by the treaty; that when the treaty was made the Government of Peru had found itself embarrassed by the neutrality laws of the United States, and con

sequently incapable of obtaining from the fiscal officers of the United States the dispatch and release of the vessels of war which Peru had contracted for with citizens of the United States; that in the treaty it was stipulated that the vessels should become the property of the republic of Colombia, which State, nevertheless, should continue to be ostensibly neutral after the treaty; and that as soon as the vessels had arrived within the jurisdiction of Colombia they should be sold and delivered by the United States of Colombia to the republic of Peru at such prices and on such terms as show clearly that the sale made in the United States by Peru to Colombia was nothing more than fictitious, and a violation of the neutrality laws of the United States; that according to the treaty, Mr. Salgar, Minister Plenipotentiary of Colombia, announced to the Government of the United States that the R. R. Cuyler, which had already been libelled in New York and been refused discharge and detained for being fitted out in violation of the neutrality laws of the United States to make war on account of Peru and its allies against Spain, had been bought by the United States of Colombia for their own use, and was really the property not of the republic of Peru nor of any of its allies,

but of the United States of Colombia, which were at peace with Spain; that this representation of General Salgar was accepted, and the proceedings against the R. R. Cuyler were suspended; that the persons who, according to the representation of Mr. Salgar, had contracted the vessel for the republic of Colombia, gave bonds of security to the United States that she should be delivered within the waters of the Colombian Government without violating the aforesaid neutrality laws during her voyage, and that on receipt of these securities and guarantees the R. R. Cuyler was discharged and went to her destination, which was Santa Martha, in the United States of Colombia. It also appears from the representations made to you by Mr. C. Martin, that when said treaty and the proceedings of Mr. Salgar in the United States afterwards came to the knowledge of the Congress of the United States of Colombia, that honorable body disapproved entirely of those proceedings, and that the Government of Colombia disavows and repudiates them now as completely illegal, unconstitutional, fraudulent and void. President Mosings, has been removed. The administration of that quera, who assumed the direction of those proceedcountry under the Presidency of Mr. Acosta has been recognized. The latter approves and adopts entirely the above ideas and policy of the Congress of Colombia. It further appears that the republic of Colombia finds itself embarrassed by the presence of the R. R. Cuyler in the waters of the republic, which presence is supposed to imply the following dangers: First, complications with Peru for the violation of the treaty between Peru and Colombia; secondly, complications with Spain for exposing the neutrality of Colombia; and thirdly, the probable loss of confidence in the good faith of the Government of Colombia on the part of the United States: that the Government of Colombia furthermore apprehends that the R. R. Cuyler, if permitted to leave the ports of the republic without a naval guard stronger than that which the President of Colombia can give her, might be converted into the scene of a mutiny, and even the officers and crew might take to piracy on the high seas; that under this supposition the Government of Colombia would consider it as the most desirable and prudent way that the R. R. Cuyler should return to the port of New York, under the naval protection of the United States, in order that this government might deliver her up to the Government of Peru, for whom she in reality was prepared as a vessel-of-war, and not for the United States of Colombia, as the matter is to be understood now.

With regard to the request of the Colombian Government, Mr. Seward gave the following reply:

As far as the United States are concerned, the R. R. Cuyler is and must be considered a foreign vessel, belonging now to the United States of Colombia, or which at least in no way belongs or can be recognized as belonging to the mercantile fleet of the United States. There is no law in the United States by which the United States could exercise any restriction over the R. R. Cuyler, either in the waters of Colombia or on the high seas, or in the ports of the United States, so long as she does not do or threaten to do any injury to the United States. There is no law by which she could be received in the United States in any other character than as a vessel-of-war of that friendly republic, nor is there any law which could authorize her transfer or delivery here by the Government of Colombia, by that of the United States or any other, to a foreign power which is at war with another foreign power with whom the United States are at peace. Much less could the United States undertake to receive her from the Government of Colombia as neutral, and transfer her or order or allow her to be transferred to any belligerent within the waters of the United States.