person of great sense is acting ever upon some degree of judgment. He sees so far, so deeply, and so well, he brings involuntarily so much reflexion to bear upon the matter, that in his case to see and to determine are the same thing. Good sense is the ground of solid judgment, but it is not sufficient to contribute or insure it. Men

of very good sense are not always men of sound judgment, because they allow passion or prejudice, which does not deprive them of their sense, to corrupt their judgment. The integrity of a judge is not merely his clear-sightedness. He who has no sense is a beast. He who has no judgment is a fool. The man of sense has practical discernment. The man of judgment has profound discrimination. One listens to the former and consults the latter.

JUMP. LEAP. BOUND.

To JUMP (Sw. gumpa) is to throw one's self off the ground in any direction, or to any height, however small, from a standing posture, alighting again on the feet.

To LEAP (A. S. hleápan) is the same movement, but for a considerable interval and without involving a return to one's footing, as to leap upon a horse. Curtius leaped, not jumped into the gulf in the Forum.

To BOUND (Fr. bondir) is to move forward by a leap or a succession of leaps.

"A fermented liquor, for example, which is called beer, but which, as it is made of molasses, bears very little resemblance to our beer, makes a considerable part of the common drink of the people in America."SMITH, Wealth of Nations.

"In oil of aniseeds, which I drew both with and without fermentation, I observed the whole body of the oil in a cool place to thicken into the consistence and appearance of white butter, which with the least heat resumed its former liquidness."BOYLE.

"Amil. Is he not jealous?

"Desdemona. Who? he? I think the sum where he was born Drew all such humours from him." SHAKESPEARE.

JUST. RIGHT.

JUST has taken up the combined meanings of the Latin justus and the French juste; the latter meaning nicely coincident or fitting, as in the English verb to adjust. Á just observation may be one which expresses justice or which bears a character of fitness. The contrary to the former would be an unjust, to the latter an irrelevant or inappropriate one.

That is RIGHT (Lat. rectus) which goes straight to the point without deviation or error. That is right which is according to rule, that is just which is according to proportion. A right remark is relatively true, a just remark is well timed, opposite, and suitable. Taking the terms in their purely moral meaning, he does just who observes in his dealings what is relatively due to others, he does right who acts according to the direction of a true rule or law.

The French force of Just appears in the following:

"Many of the poets, to describe the execution which is done by the passion, represent the fair sex as basilisks which destroy with their eyes; but I think that Cowley has with greater justness of thought compared a beautiful woman to a porcupine that sends an arrow from every part."Spectator.

"Hear then my argument, confess we must
A God there is supremely wise and just,
If so, however things affect our sight,
As sings our bard, whatever is is right."
JENYNS.

JUSTICE. PRECISION.
JUSTICE is a safeguard against the

false, PRECISION against the superfluous and useless. Justness or justice of thought produces precision of expression.

K.

KEEPING. CUSTODY.
KEEPING (A. S. cépan, to store up)
simple and generic.

CUSTODY (Lat. custodia) is a specific keeping, involving responsibility, and is for the sake of obviating escape in the case of persons, and loss in the case of inanimate objects; as the custody of prisoners or documents.

"In Baptista's keep my treasure is." SHAKESPEARE. "Tailor, take him to thy custody."

Ibid. KILL. MURDER. SLAY. ASSASSLAUGHTER.

SINATE.

TO KILL is the broadest and simplest term (with some A. S. cwellan, to kill: SKEAT, Etym. Dict., gives Icel. kella, to hit on the head, kollr), meaning no more than to deprive of life, and is applied in the fullest sense of the term life, as the vegetative life of plants, which may be killed by frost. In the case of persons, the act may be the result of accident or selfdefence, as well as in malice prepense.

TO MURDER (Fr. meurtre, murder, Low Lat. mordrum) was anciently employed only of the secret killing of one human being by another, but now means the killing with malicious forethought and intention. To AssASSINATE is to murder by secret, close, and sudden attack upon the person, who is generally one of importance. The nature of the deed flows from the origin of the word-haschisch, inebriating hemp by which the Assassins of the East, or followers of the Old Man of the Mountain, were incited to their work of stabbing crusaders and others. It is a deviation from the original sense to apply it to poisoning.

SLAY (A. S. sleán, to strike, to kill) is to kill with a weapon, or by vio lence, (not, for instance, by poison,

and in a sort of animal way, that is, with little thought but that of destroying animal life, whether in men or other animals. It is violent, but not necessarily illegal; as, to slay in battle. SLAUGHTER Commonly denotes killing in a promiscuous way, or extensively. This is still the case, even when the butcher slaughters a single beast, the idea being that of supplying the meat market. KILL and SLAY, but not the others, are applicable to cases of suicide, though in composition we meet with the term self-murder.

"Thou shalt not kill."-DECALOGUE.

"The first great disturbance in the world after the fall of man was by a murderer, whom the vengeance of God pursued.". SOUTH.

"Man. Of ruin, indeed, methought I heard the noise.

Oh, it continues! they have slain my son ! Chorus. Thy son is rather slaying them; that outcry

From slaughter of one foe could not ascend.' MILTON.

"He (Oliver Cromwell) said assassinations were such detestable things that he would never begin them; but if any of the king's party should endeavour to assassi nate him, and fail in it, he would make an assassinating war of it, and destroy the whole family."-BURNET.

KINGLY. ROYAL. REGAL.

KINGLY means like a king; ROYAL (Fr. roi, Lat. regem, a king), belonging to the person of a king; REGAL, belonging to the attributes of a king. A kingly form; a royal residence; regal magnificence.

"He stands in daylight, and disdains to hide An act to which by honour he is tied, A generous, laudable, and kingly pride." DRYDEN. "And by descent from royall lynage came Of ancient kinges and queenes."

SPENSER.

"Our adversaries sometimes tell us of a throne, a power of judging, a regal authority belonging to the Son, and that therefore he is God, and they observe, as they think shrewdly, but in truth very weakly, that the Holy Ghost has, therefore, none of that title as having no regal dominion." -WATERLAND.

KINSMAN. RELATIVE.

KINSMAN is one of the same kin, and so related by blood.

KNAVISH. DISHONEST.

The latter simply states that the person is the opposite to honest, or that the act is so; the former (A. S. cnafa, cf. Ger. knabe, a boy, a young man) carries the mind directly to the and his frauds and artifices.

DISHONEST is a term of grave, KNAVISH of contemptuous, reproach. The former expresses a habit; the latter a propensity.

"

Although his master had thoroughly thwacked him for his knavish tricks played a few days before, and that then it seemeth he had opportunity to be revenged, he to the contrary, employed himself after a marvellous fashion to save his master."NORTH, Plutarch.

"One thing was very dishonestly insinuated, that the prisoner was a Papist, which was only to incense the jury against him, and it had its effect."-State Trials.

KNOWLEDGE. LEARNING. ERUDITION. SCIENCE. LITERATURE. ART. LETTERS. PHILOSOPHY.

KNOWLEDGE is a general term, denoting the fact or the subject of knowing, clear perception or apprehension, familiar cognizance.

LEARNING (A. S. leornian, to learn) is acquired knowledge in any branch

of science or literature.

SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, scire, to know) is, literally, knowledge, but usually denotes knowledge according to system. Science embraces those branches of knowledge of which the subject is ultimate principles, or facts as explained by principles, or laws arranged in natural order.

LITERATURE (Lat. litera, a letter), in its widest application, embraces all compositions which do not appertain to the positive sciences. As a man of literature is versed in the belles lettres, so a man of learning excels in what is taught in the schools, and be

longs almost wholly to the past; while LITERATURE includes the current compositions of the day.

ERUDITION (Lat. eruditus, cultivated) relates to literature and learning rather than to science, and to its extensive attainment, involving a knowledge of subjects commonly unfami

liar.

ART (Lat. artem) is the application of knowledge to practice. As science consists of speculative principles, so art is a system of rules, serving to facilitate the performance of certain actions. Arts are divided into two classes, the useful, mechanical, or industrial arts, and the liberal, polite, or fine arts. The former are called trades; the latter have to do with imagination and design, as poetry, painting, sculpture, designing, and the like. The term "liberal arts was formerly applied to the subjects of academical education; as Degrees in arts at the universities."

LETTERS (Fr. lettre; Lat. litera, a letter) equivalent to the French "belles lettres," polite learning is to LITERATURE as the abstract to the concrete; literature being letters in specific relationship; as, the literature (not the letters) of a particular country.

PHILOSOPHY (Gr. pλocopía) is literally the love of wisdom, and therefore has varied in its application, according to the kind of wisdom in vogue. Phenomena as explained by causes and reasons would be the subject of mental philosophy, phenomena as the result of forces and laws would be the subject of physical philosophy. The different departments of human knowledge, as theology, natural history, ethics, metaphysics, are specific applications of philosophy.

"Knowledge, then, seems to me to be nothing but the perception of the connection and agreement or disagreement and repugnancy of any of our ideas. In this alone it consists. Where this perception is there is knowledge."-LOCKE.

"The parts of human learning have reference to the three parts of man's understanding, which is the seat of learning, history to his memory, poesy to his imagi

'Twere well could you permit the world to live

As the world pleases. What's the world to you?" COWPER.

"The works of speculation or science may be reduced to the four classes of philosophy, mathematics, astronomy, and physic."GIBBON.

"Our descendants may possibly contemplate with equal ridicule and surprise the preposterous partiality which the present age has shown to the frippery and tinsel of French literature."- EUSTACE, Italy.

"Art can never give the rules that make an art. This is, I believe, the reason why artists in general, and poets principally, have been confined in so narrow a circle." -BURKE.

"Iche for sothe in science of lettres knowe thy konnyng."-R. GLOUCESTER.

CONCISE.

The LACONIC, so called from the Laconians or Lacedemonians, who affected it, is a species of CONCISENESS. See CONCISE. The term CONCISE is a term of simple praise belonging to expression or style. LACONIC expresses an affected conciseness, which springs not from desire to do justice to the expression, but from some peculiarity or sentiment of the speaker, who wishes to avoid the smallest waste of words upon the subject or the person addressed. Conciseness is a proof of regard, laconism of disregard. So that it is associated not only with brevity but with bluntness. To be concise shows mental refinement, to be laconic shows the moral want of it.

LACK. WANT. NEED. NECES

SITY.

LACK (an old Low Ger. word) refers more directly to the failing or inadequate source or supply; WANT (Icel. vanta, to be wanting), to the inadequate supply or possession, combined with the requirement or demand.

NEED (A.S. neád, want, compulsion) relates directly to the urgency of the demand, and indirectly to the absence of supply. Want is commonly absence of mere possession; need, absence of means of action. As they express states, NECESSITY (Lat. něcessitatem) is stronger than NEED, for whereas NEED is negative, NECESSITY has a positive and compelling force. A man is in need of food. Under some circumstances there is a necessity for immediate action. Need is pressing, necessity unyielding. Need is the strongest degree of requirement, necessity of demand. In the phrase of the English Psalms, "See that such as are in need and necessity have right,' the second term is an augmentation of the first. Need may be temporarily and easily removed; necessity is more lasting and less remediable. We need, in cases of difficulty, the advice and support of friends; but lacking this, we are often compelled, by necessity, to decide and act for ourselves. The words LACK, WANT, and NEED, rise in force. The superfluities of life-wealth, estates, great power or influence-I lack; the conveniences which I am without, I want; the necessaries which I am without, I need. Lack is the absence of excess; want, of comfort; need, of sufficiency.

"But though each court a jester lacks,
To laugh at monarchs to their face,
Yet all mankind behind their backs,
Supply the honest jester's place."
DODSLEY.

"There is yet another cause of necessity which has occasioned great speculation among the writers upon general law, namely, whether a man in extreme want of food or clothing may justify stealing either to relieve his present necessities."-BLACK

STONE.

"It is evident that nothing can be more amiable, suitable, and universally subser

vient both to the needs and to the refreshments of the creature than light."-SOUTH. LAG. LINGER. LOITER. SAUNTER. TARRY.

LAG (Gael. lag, weak, slack) is commonly relative to others, with whom the movements of the lagging person are slow in comparison, a definite line of progress being common to all.

LINGER (A. S. lengan, to prolong delay) relates not to any definite onward movement, either of others or of the person lingering, but simply to the locality at or near which the lingerer stops and delays. It is sometimes employed of inanimate, and therefore involuntary things; as, a lingering hope or sickness.

LOITER (cf. Du. and Ger. luddern, to loiter; Du. leuteren, loteren, to delay) is to linger from tardiness or indolence, as LINGER implies a constraining or retarding influence attached to the locality.

SAUNTER (which has been derived from sainte terre, the Holy Land, as if connected with the strolling of pilgrims, but is, more probably, a modification of the German schlentern, to wander idly, of which other forms are schlendern and slendern) is to move onwards, but in a lazy, dreamy fashion.

TARRY (Fr. tarder, to linger; Lat. tardare) differs from the others in denoting, for a time, movement absolutely suspended, but in reference to an implied progress. We lag through laziness or absence of mind; linger through attachment; loiter through idleness; saunter for pleasure; and tarry for a purpose.

"Yet not content, more to increase his

shame,

When so she lagged, as she needs mote so, He with his spear (that was to him great blame)

Would thump her forward, and enforce to go." SPENSER.

"On yonder cliffs, a grisly band,
I see them sit; they linger yet,
Avengers of their native land."
GRAY.

"We must proceed on speedily, and persist constantly, nowhere staying or loitering."-BARROW.

"Upon the first suspicion a father has that his son is of a sauntering temper, he

must carefully observe him whether he be listless and indifferent in all his actions, or whether in some things alone he be slow and sluggish, but in others vigorous and eager."-LOCKE.

Why is his chariot so long in coming? why tarry the wheels of his chariot?"English Bible.

LAND. COUNTRY. SOIL. MOULD. EARTH. GLOBE. WORLD.

LAND (A. S. land) denotes, severally, the solid, as distinguished from the fluid portions of the globe; any portion of that mass as related or appertaining to an individual or a people; the composition of the earth's surface as regards its agricultural use; and, by a rhetorical extension of meaning, the persons inhabiting a particu

lar land.

COUNTRY (Fr. contrée, Lat. contrata, the tract over against the spectator) is a tract of land as it meets the eye, or such a tract as connected with residents or inhabitants, or as opposed to the city or the town. It is also, like LAND, often used for the inhabitants of the country; as, "The unanimous feeling of the country." According as the term COUNTRY is employed under a physical or a social aspect, it is accompanied by different sets of epithets. It is populous or thinly inhabited, prosperous or otherwise, fertile or sterile. LAND in imaginative style is employed to represent a characteristic locality which is peopled by certain associations, as the land of dreams, a land of plenty, fairy land.

SOIL (Lat. solum) is never employed but of the physical components of the earth's surface.

EARTH (A. S. eorde, orig. meaning not certain), GLOBE, and WORLD have a special connexion with one another. Omitting the use of EARTH in the sense of SOIL, from which it differs in that SOIL is employed of the aggregate of superficial substances, while EARTH designates only the lighter and looser particles, just as MOULD (A. S. molde, mould, earth) again denotes especially the highly fertile and fine particles of decayed organic matter, we come to regard it as a synonym with GLOBE (Fr. globe, Lat. globum, a ball) and WORLD (A. S. world). In