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From the speeches, which, for historic effect, are put into the mouths of the seven celebrated Maccabean brothers, one would suppose that none of them were infants: yet this family appears by the history to have "consisted of sons from under the age of eighteen, to "about three years old; that is, lately weaned. gory Nazianzen makes them say, "Let the issue be 4 fixed and unmoveable as to us, πανοικεσία ςεφανωθήναι, "that the whole household obtain the crown."(x)

VIII.

PANOIKIOS.

Gre

According to Diodorus Siculus, the Carthaginians intended, if urged by necessity, to emigrate, in a body, to a certain island. His words are, "For they hoped, "that being masters at sea, as they then were, they "might easily, (unknown to the conquerors,) transport "themselves, PANOIKIOUS, with their whole households, "into that island."(y).

In another passage, the same ancient writer explains panoikioi by τεχνων και γυναικών children and wives ; whom certain Roman fathers and husbands were afraid to hazard by a protracted and disorderly flight. They, therefore, removed, navоizio, with their whole households, "[that is their wives and children, mentioned above,] "to the neighbouring towns and villages.”(z)

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There is similar evidence in Dionysius of Halicarnassus. He informs us that the country of the Antemnates and Caninenses, and the city of Crustumerium were conquered by Romulus, and reduced to the rank of Roman colonies. From the two former he conveyed to Rome many volunteer emigrants, "together with their "wives and children." In like manner, from the latter,

(x) Taylor's "Baptists self-convicted." p. 50 Taylor, of course, refuses to translate by the word household.

(y) Do. p. 46, 47. and Note,

(z) Do. p. 47.

"several brave men joined him, bringing with them con"siderable powers, together with PANOIKIA, their "whole households ;"(a) evidently embracing their wives and children.

IX.

PAS OIKOS.

The angel told Cornelius to send for Peter, "who "shall tell thee words, whereby thou, and all thy house "shall be saved."(b) The historian tells us that this was "a devout man, and one that feared God, with all "his house."(c) By this, Dr. Gill understands that "he "brought up his family in a religious way." From this the Dr. certainly believed that Cornelius had children; and that they were included in all his house.

Rahab's house in which her relatives obtained safety, Dr. Gill seems to think a figure of the church of Christ. According to him, the spies whom she entertained, 66 represent the ministers of the gospel, who are the "messengers of Christ and the churches." When they directed her to bind the scarlet thread in the window, Dr. Gill considers them as preaching, by this figure, the same doctrine taught in Mk. xvi. 16. "He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved, but he that believeth not shall be damned." Now let us see whether these typical ministers of the gospel, allowed infants to enter their figurative church, or not. Rahab's request was, "Shew kindness unto my father's house."(d) She made no express stipulation about infants, because they were included in the house; and to exclude them, would be as inconsistent with the religion of the Jews, as it was inconsistent with her own wishes. Accordingly, the spies said, "Thou shalt bring thy father, and thy "mother, and thy brethren, and ALL THY FATHERS

(a) Taylor's
(b) Acts xi. 14.

Baptists self-convicted," p. 47. 48.
(c) Acts x. 2.

(d) Josh. ii. 12,

"HOUSEHOLD, home unto thee."(e) It probably never entered into any one's mind, to suppose that the children of Rahab's connexion were excluded from this refuge ; and it ought never to have entered their mind to suppose that the children of believers were to be excluded from that visible church, of which her house is thought a figure: especially as our Saviour has required us to suffer them to come to him, declaring that of such is the visible church.

X.

PANOIKI.

Of the jailer it is said, ηγαλλιασατο πανοικι, πεπιςευκώς τω Ew, believing in God he rejoiced WITH ALL HIS HOUSE. On this, Taylor says, "Observe, he rejoiced panoiki ; "but he did not believe panoiki. Rejoicing was an act "of the person; believing was an act of the mind: "there is no instance known of panoiki being referred "to an act of the mind."(f) He observes that as this word "is referred to bodily action, in which infants share "without volition, without understanding, or expression "of any kind, on their part, so it always signifies the "whole, the entire of a family: every individual with"out exception: it includes all and excludes none: for, "if a single one be excluded, the term becomes abso"lutely inapplicable. And this accounts for the infre66 quent use of it; as it is not constantly that a whole "family resides together, or continues so combined as to "form one band, and to be capable of one and the same "individual action, the same fate, &c. at the same time. "And this, again, agrees with a young family, since the "separation of the members of a family usually takes 66 place, after the elder are grown up; and if but one "be detached from the family, the term is invalida❝ted."(g)

Josh. ii. 18.

(f) Baptists self-convicted. p. 42. (g) Baptists self-convicted. p. 51, 52.

Among the instances collated by this able writer, there is one which appears to give peculiar countenance to this position. It is a case in which panoiki includes every member of the family, old and young, strong and feeble, male and female, without admitting a single exception. It is the family of Pithius the Lydian, as related by Herodotus. The faithful subject wished only his eldest son to remain at home, while all the rest, capable of bearing arms, accompanied Xerxes in the Grecian expedition. To his humble petition, the haughty tyrant made the following reply; "Infamous man! you 66 see me embark my ALL in this Grecian war: myself, 66 my CHILDREN, my brothers, my domestics, and my "friends;-how dare you, then, presume to mention 66 your son, you who are my slave, and whose duty is to accompany me on this occasion, PANOIKIE, with all your house, and even your wife." '(h)

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Admitting the correctness of these statements in part, still an antagonist of Mr. Taylor, "argues, that the jailer's family must have been adults, because they rejoiced in God.""(i) Yet why may not infants participate in their parents' joy, in one religious ordinance, as well as partake of their sorrow, in another ordinance? That they do the latter is admitted by the Baptists themselves. When the prophet orders the church to assemble for a solemn fast, he says, "Gather the children, and those that suck the breast."(j) Gill speaks of these sucklings, as those who were involved in the common ca"lamity and distress, were obliged to fasting, and whose "cries might affect their parents, and engage them the "more to humiliation and repentance for their sins, "which brought such miseries, not only upon them"selves, but upon their tender infants; and they might "think their cries would move the pity and compassion "of God." It is not at all uncommon for the Scriptures to attribute rejoicing to bodies of men, which in

(h) Baptists Self-convicted, p. 50.

(i) Second Edition of Facts and Evidences, p. 122. (j) Joel ii. 16.

clude thousands and millions of infants. To save time, I pass over several instances, which are now before me.(k) Although Dr. Gill would have it, that the babes and sucklings which rejoiced at our Saviour's coming, were adults,(1) yet he admits, as has been shewn already, that rejoicing is attributed to literal infants, in the law of Moses, where he tells the priests to rejoice in the goodness of the Lord "unto thee and unto thine house."(m)

He says, 66 rejoice thou and thine household,”(n) by

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which Dr. Gill understands he and his family, his wife and children, or as many as are with him."

But to

On the same subject of sacerdotal families being supported by the sacrifices and other emoluments, Josephus uses the word panoiki; "So that he, PANOIKI, with all his house, might eat them in the holy city."(o) That infants are here included is absolutely certain. them, in company with their parents, Eusebius attributes conversion; because, as Austin said, they received the sacrament of conversion. His words are as follows, viz. "And by the same word of the gospel, many of all ranks "were converted to the worship of the God of the uni66 verse; so that at Rome itself, many who were eminent "for their riches, and for their descent, did, PANOIKI, "with all their house, and their kindred, embrace the way of salvation."(p) Where Moses speaks of the Israelites who went into Egypt, some ancient Greek translators, as Trommius informs us, reckon them to be, "every man, PANOIKI, with all his house."(g) which Dr. Gill says, includes" their families, wives, children, "and servants."

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In a rare Apocryphal book, we have an account of Ptolemy's cruel persecution of the Jews, μετα γυναιξιν και TEXVOS, with their wives and children." He forbade any one to harbour even the youngest of them, at the peril

τεχνοις,

(4) 2 Chr. xxx. 25. Ps. xcvi. 11. xcvii. 1. xiv. 7. cxlix. 2.

() Ps. viii. 2. Matt. xxi. 16.

(n) Deut. xiv. 26.

(0) Baptists Self-convicted, p. 44.

(m) Deut. xxvi. 11.

(h) Do. p. 52. Second Edition of Facts and Evidences, p. 105. (7) Ex. i. 1.