scarcely fail to be cheated and deceived. Such a set of systematic liars I never met with. The mud holes in the road were so deep and frequent in this flat country and stiff soil, that it was impossible to sleep, and not easy to keep one's seat, but by holding on to the straps with both hands. I had the best reason for believing that the chaps who drove us did all they could to make our journey uncomfortable. When we reached the Ohio, the next morning, we passed along a succession of villages on its banks, and on those of the Beavermost of which are the seats of manufactures that have been called into existence here by the abundance of coal and of iron. On reaching the Ohio the stream was so much narrower than I had expected, that I should 5 o'clock, and learning at the stage office, that the stage | steamboats or stage coaches; for if he does, he can for Beaver on the Ohio would set off at 8 o'clock, I devoted the intervening hours to my toilette, to breakfast, and to walking over this very thriving town. As it stands at the termination of the great canal which cuts Ohio in two, it has grown very fast, and carries on a brisk trade with the lakes and New York, and the interior of Ohio. The population I heard estimated at 10,000, and compared with other similar estimates, I should think the number could be not much less. The best part of the town stands on the table land on the banks of the lake; but there are also buildings along the canal and the river, and the slopes up the high ground. There seemed to be no less than 4 large hotels, besides several small public houses. About 50 persons sat down to breakfast at the one where I stopped-have thought it one of its own tributaries, but for the the Franklin Buildings. high hills which are found everywhere near its banks. this short distance of Pittsburg, its width is less than a quarter of a mile. The banks are generally of a yellowish brown clay: they are from 20 to 40 or 50 feet high, and at that height run off into flat land of conside into steep hills on both sides, formed of limestone and schistus rock, and clothed with wood to the top. Occasionally these river hills come to the river, without the intervening flats, and though of almost perpendicular steepness, they are one dense forest from their summits to the water's edge. The steamboats which were now and then passing up or down the river, were obliged to wind to and from to avoid the shoals and bars, which, when the river is low, render its navigation difficult. It I had to-day an opportunity of seeing something of The river was quite low, but this could not have made Ohio, and if I were to judge from a single day's journey a difference of more than 50 or 60 yards in its appearof more than 100 miles (very slender data indeed) Iance; and I feel confident, that in many places within should say that the land in the northern part of the state is inferior to that of the southern part of Michigan. That the roads are as bad as any in Virginia--that it is inhabited more uniformly, than in any other state I have been in, with people who are neither rich nor poor,rable width, either on one or both sides, and then rise but approaching more nearly to the latter class. That this equality of circumstances has produced plainness, not to say a careless indifference in manners, without a correspondent improvement in cordiality, or gaiety, that the stage drivers are among the coarsest of that coarse class, and the public houses very bad to those who have been accustomed to luxurious indulgence at home. The land was originally all heavily timbered, and on most of the farms the dead trees still standing attest this fact. It abounds in grass, for which the land is particularly fit. The corn crops looked badly, owing to an unfavorable season. I saw many places which had been deserted by their former owners. The settlers have everywhere, as in New England, congregated in villages. I dined at the town of Hudson, where the college of the Western Reserve is situated. There are no less than three lines of daily stages from Cleaveland across to the Ohio-two to Beaver, and one to Wellsville. To induce me to take one of the former, the agents represented to me that as the Ohio was now low, that steamboats probably did not run up to Pittsburg, and that they would carry me to Beaver, 195 miles, in time to take the steamboat at 8 o'clock next morning. They set off at the same time with their rival, "The Pioneer," as if they meant to keep their promise, and carried me 50 or 52 miles in less than 9 hours, but the remaining 55 miles, travelled mostly in the night, occupied 15 hours. The reason of the difference was that the roads for the two lines had now diverged, and the stimulus of rivalship did not operate, but that of spirits did, particularly in making the drivers stop very often, and loiter very long. As there were but two passengers in our coach, both the drivers and innkeepers endeavored to prevail on me to wait for the mail coach, by which the advantage of setting off 7 hours sooner would have been lost; but then they would have been saved the trouble of sending on two coaches, when one would have answered the purpose. From very limited experience, I would say let no one, travelling in the west, and especially the far west, put his faith in agents for About 11 o'clock I embarked on board a small steamboat which plies daily between Wellsville and Pittsburg, a distance of 30 miles, and dined on board, though our plates and glasses were dancing a jig the whole time. In five hours we reached Pittsburg, standing on a point of land between the Alleghany from the northeast, and the Monongahela from the southeast. makes a very respectable figure as approached from below. The houses are all of brick, but dingy with coal dust, and the roofs appear in the distance to be quite black. A long covered bridge on stone piers is seen, like a wing to the town, stretching across the Monongahela, and a correspondent one, somewhat shorter, on the north side, crosses the Alleghany. The mountains on either side are very high, and present strata of limestone, between which, at different heights, but commonly far above the river, are veins of coal; some of which are visible to the naked eye, from the opposite bank. On the north of the Alleghany there is a considerable town. The mountains are highest on the south side-the land rises behind the town, until it gradually attains the height of a mountain. The abundance of good coal here (it sells in the town for 6 cents a bushel) has had a very propitious influence on manufactures here. The town is very compactly built, like Philadelphia or Baltimore, but is either unpaved or badly paved. With its environs it is computed to contain 40,000 inhabitants. The streets run north and south, east and west. As soon as I got on shore, I hied to the post office. **** Having secured a place in the canal packet line, I took tea at the Exchange Hotel, and looked at the town. At 9 o'clock we set off in the | there not being a sufficient supply of water for a canal packet, and as soon as my shelf, called a berth, was al-It extends from Johnstown to Hollidaysburg, 37 miles; lotted me, I sank into a profound sleep, in consequence of getting none the night before. and in this distance has such an elevation to surmount, that here are no less than 10 inclined planes, each from August 22d. When I came upon deck in the morn- a quarter of a mile to three quarters in length; and the ing, I found we had travelled over night about 30 miles. cars are moved up and down these long slopes, by The canal follows the course of the Alleghany river for means of stationary engines and stout ropes, running that distance; it then bends more to the east, following over small iron wheels or pullies. This is an expensive the banks of the Kiskiminitas, and occasionally by part of the route, as a number of men must be stationed dams and locks the river itself is used as a canal. After at each inclined plane, and the wages, fuel and wear of some distance it follows the Connemaugh, a branch of the engines, and other machinery, must be considerable. the latter stream; and when about 60 miles from Pitts- I should think that ordinary locomotive engines would burg we came to the tunnel, which has been cut be sufficient to take the cars up a Macadamized road through a high, narrow promontory, by which three of the same inclination, with a little more power, and by miles of canal is saved: its length is 900 feet. About this means a number of hands, and much of the present three-fourths of the way the natural rock forms the machinery might be saved. It is indeed possible, that rough and irregular arch as it was first excavated by the same engines which are now used on the rail road the workmen, and the irregularities of the strata deter-tracks, would answer for that purpose. The last inmined; but the remaining third being less solid, is regu-clined plane to Hollidaysburg terminates in a seeming larly arched with stone. The light it receives at either level; but it has an inclination sufficient to continue the end is sufficient in the day for all practical purposes. motion of the cars about 3 or 4 miles, and as there is no The scenery on the canal is very pleasing; high hills visible cause for their motion-neither steam engines nor and mountains, covered with a dense and luxuriant horses, which had been previously used alternately—it forest; rocky cliffs occasionally jutting out of the moun-excites great surprise with some of the passengers, and tain sides; sometimes the river making pretty pieces of admiration with all. It seemed to me that we went in low grounds-most of which are in a state of cultiva- this way quite as fast as on any rail road, and we made tion; but they exhibit, as yet, nothing which indicates several curves in going through the town to the basin of wealth, or taste, or an anxious desire for comfort. The the canal. If suffered to move unimpeded, it would go soil on the mountain sides is evidently rich, and when at the rate of 60 miles an hour, we were told. more level land is occupied, this too will furnish com- The number of packets and transportation boats colfortable abodes for men, as similar spots do in Switzer-lected at the two ends of the rail road, especially at land. We passed many manufactories of salt: the Hollidaysburg, is very great. I saw one on the stocks water is drawn from wells sunk to a considerable depth, on a new plan, which, however, had not been suffby means of a pump worked by a steam engine, and ciently tried to determine whether it is a valuable imthen the water is boiled in large iron kettles. The ex-provement. The boat is divided into two parts, as if pense of one of these establishments is from $4,000 to she had been cut in two, and each part, at the point of $10,000: these last making 20 barrels of 5 bushels each section, is planked up so as to be watertight. The per day-it sells for about 25 cents a bushel, or 12 a advantage promised is, that when thus divided the sepa barrel. Our locks require about 3 or 4 minutes each. rate parts can be placed on wheels, and transported I find great relief in the canal boat after so much stage across the mountains as a car, without any shifting of travelling over bad roads in Michigan and Ohio-1 get the cargo. At present, goods sent between Philadelrid of my time by walking, or looking at the scenery, or phia and Pittsburg, must be shifted three times; that is, reading, or writing in my journal, which I am able to do there must be 4 successive ladings, which is a great without interruption, or annoyance, though of our 30 drawback on the cheapness of transportation. It is passengers or more, 3 or 4 ladies are chatting in the nevertheless very low. A barrel of flour can be sent ladies' cabin-a little girl like Maria, prattles incessantly from Pittsburg to Philadelphia for 80 cents. As we and very amusingly, and an infant ever and anon sets went along the rail road, we passed by several places up its shrill pipe-6 or 7 of the gentlemen are quietly where the coal was extracted from the mountains, in a either reading or dosing. These packets appear to be low, narrow aperture, like the mouth of an oven, but under excellent regulations, and they form the safest large enough to receive a small cart. It was conveyed and easiest of all modes of travelling. along a slopen wooden bridge to houses raised high enough above the ground to receive a waggon, and a trap door in the floor above, when opened, allowed the coal to fill the waggons below at once. Some of the mountains we passed presented a singular appearance. Their sides, sloping at an angle of 45 degrees, are covered with broken stones of nearly one size; and sometimes these fragments are as small as those prepared for Macadamized roads. The layer debris of the rocks from the summits of the mountain, have thus been gradually disintegrated by the slow action of the air and frost, and thus formed as regular and even a layer as if it had been the work of human hands. We breakfasted at Jefferson, a village in the mountains, and dined on board the boat. In the morning, until after breakfast, About 1 o'clock we reached a second tunnel through a hill. It is about the same length as the other, and saves 5 miles of canalling. The arrangements for sleeping are precisely the same as those on board the New York canal packets as to contrivance, economy of room, &c.; but with this essential difference-they give us here but one sheet, and a calico quilted counterpane, which not being washed, has come into contact with many an individual before. I see that one gentleman, who proves to be a Frenchman, does not take off his clothes. Wednesday, August 23d. About 5 o'clock in the morning we were roused from our slumbers, to take the rail road which is here used to cross the Alleghany, attracted by the same curiosity that we felt, and whose head-dresses, shawls, &c. were seen in the full light that shone upon them as plain as in the day. A more striking and picture-light night-scene I never witnessed. There are two immense walls here, through which we pass from the river to the canal. They are obliged to be made very high and strong, to defend the canal from the fury of its waters, when the Susquehannah is much swollen. we found it so cool that we were not warm even with our cloaks and snow was predicted by some of the passengers-it falling thus early, occasionally, in these elevated regions. Hollidaysburg contains, I should think, 1200 or 1500 inhabitants. The landscapes along the canal are often extremely beautiful. On one side of the canal are steep mountain sides, covered with trees, except where there chances to be a slope of broken rocks, or a rugged cliff; on the other, the Juniata, meandering some 20 or 30 feet below the canal; and on After enjoying the scene along the banks of the Susits farther border, are seen rich cultivated fields, and quehannah a short time, I turned in with the rest of the rising grounds, or mountains in the distance. Some- passengers, and we were thus unconsciously conveyed to times the river itself is used as a canal, and now and Harrisburg, which we reached about midnight. Before then it is hemmed in between two steep mountain sides, we started (half after five in the morning), I made out to which bending at either end, it exhibits the appear-dress, pack up my loose articles, take a survey of this ance of a very pretty lake. We had travelled yester-town, the metropolis of Pennsylvania, and return in day at night about 80 miles, and this evening, we had made about 170 miles. Our course is at about the rate of 3 miles an hour, stoppages at the locks included. Our passage along the rail road required 5 hours for the 37 miles. Juniata is celebrated for the goodness, as well as the abundance of its iron. We reached Harrisburg about midnight, and here wait until morning to take the rail road to Philadelphia. time to shave. Harrisburg is pleasantly situated on the Susquehannah, without any commanding eminences, but it seems not to be a place of much trade or business, and it conveyed to my mind the impression that it was supported chiefly by its being the seat of government. The State House or Capital, as they seem to call it here, is a very plain, unpretending brick building, altogether unworthy of this large and wealthy state. The lanes appear to be very dirty and neglected, and to indicate the abodes of poverty. I should think the population did not exceed 5,000. We breakfasted a few miles from Harrisburg, and in the same hasty style, took dinner a few miles from Philadelphia, which we reached about 3 o'clock, having thus travelled 110 miles in 9 hours. We were delayed not only by the two meals, and the frequent intervening stoppages for wood and water, and for affording the passengers the means of refreshing themselves and the pockets of the hotel keepers; but by the necessity of changing from the rail road cars to stages, where the rail road is unfinished for 2 miles-it being intended here to pass through a tunnel, and by an inclined plane five-eighths of a mile in length at the Schuylkill, 4 miles from Philadelphia. Our numbers were now greatly increased by several successive accessions from other canals, way passengers, &c., so that we had 4 large cars in our train. We met besides 5 other trains-a part of them very long ones. We occasionally came near the once celebrated turnpike road, between Lancaster and Philadelphia, and it has been so thoroughly superseded by the rail road, that the grass is everywhere springing up in the ruts along its stony bed. The passage of this great channel of communication between Philadelphia and Pittsburg, through a country so impeded by mountains and rivers, has given rise to a variety of expedients adapted to the particular species of difficulty. Thus we travel to Johnstown, 104 miles by canal-thence to Hollidaysburg, 37 miles by rail road-thence by canal to Harrisburg, 145 miles-thence by rail road to a part of the road where a tunnel is to penetrate a hill-thence 2 miles by stages-thence by rail road to Philadelphia, miles. But in both the canals and rail roads, there are processes and machinery of a peculiar character, occasionally found necessary. Thus, at one place, where the river is sometimes too high and impetuous for the use of poles, and where our horses could be of no use, for want of a bridge, we crossed the Juniata by means of a rope stretched across the stream, and running on iron rollers, on posts, planted on piers, which rope is put in motion by a water wheel in a small house on the banks, that is worked by water from the canal. The inclined planes too, are sometimes descended by steam, and sometimes by horses, and in one instance, by the mere gravity of the cars. Where the Juniata enters the Susquehannah, which is here near a mile wide, a bridge had been thrown across the river, on which rails were laid, and the canal boats were placed upon wheels, and thus transported as so many cars; but a part of the bridge being carried away by a fresh, a small steamboat was provided for the purpose of towing the boats across. It was just night when we reached this place, and our passage was extremely picturesque. The little steam-which the grain has been recently taken—and the farmboat had been fitted up with a locomotive engine, which sent forth its sparks as a stream of fire in the night. On one side of us was the part of the lofty bridge which had not been carried away, and the piers of the residue beneath, and around us the smooth surface of the Susquehannah, reflecting the light of the engine and of our We reached Broad street in Philadelphia about 2 lamp as from a mirror; and on the opposite side, a o'clock, having previously taken a hasty, but very good packet boat, like our own, filled with passengers, hav-dinner on the road. ing her windows illuminated, as it were, her deck After passing some days in Philadelphia, Baltimore, crowded with gentlemen, and her bow filled with ladies, and Washington, I reached Albemarle on the 5th of The land around Harrisburg seems to be thin, but it improves as you descend; and in the neighborhood of Lancaster it is very good, and very well cultivated. For a considerable part of the way, the eye is regaled with the sight of extensive plains laid off into fields, either covered with green clover, or ripe oats, or on houses and farms indicate plenty and comfort, and a great subdivision of property. Dairy farms multiply as we approach the city. They are known by the great number of cows which are seen pasturing on the clover fields. * September, having thus, in an absence of eight weeks | portance of attending to the wants of the mind; and It may be useful to some to know that the time occupied in actual travelling to Chicago, by the zigzag course I pursued through New York was thirteen days, and the mere expense of conveyance, about $70. The time occupied in returning by way of Pittsburg, was twelve days, and the cost of conveyance $55. The other travelling expenses amount to about as much more. One can scarcely doubt that the same journey would, thirty years ago, have required twice the money and more than thrice the time. hence the value of Instruction-of Learning. "From the history of Rosalie we may see how a poor orphan, from the want of being rightly directed, may, without being conscious of it, lose what is mat valuable on earth. "The Savings' Bank will teach what 'a constant and calculating economy will produce;' and that selfdenial, even here, may have a rich reward. "The Contrast shows the difference between Economy and Extravagance, and the influence of mothers. "By the story connected with the Washerwomen's Boat, we shall learn that it is on the proper exercise and regulation of the affections, that our happiness depends; and these exist wherever man is found. 'Domestic happiness, in many respects, resembles the manna which was granted to the Israelites in the wil derness; like that precious food, it is given with an abundance that meets the wants of all. To be obtained, it must be religiously sought.'" The little book before us is the fourth of a series of five: and follows "The Three Experiments of Living," a "Sequel to the Same," and "The Harcourts," in the form of a periodical, or monthly issue, to render its dissemination through the country more speedy and diffusive, by the medium of the post. The price is low, but the value, if rightly estimated, immense, of these little unpretending works. They are not the mere speculations of a theorizer, but emanate from the pens of those practical economists, the wives and mothers of the land. As such, we can cordially recommend them to the notice of "all who are not ashamed of economy," (to use the publisher's own language,) in times when economy is a virtue of the highest order. We have already noticed the three first of the series, and hope that, ere this, their tiny yellow covers are to be discerned peeping, not obtrusively, but with winning influence, from among the more showy and more highly pretending ornaments of every centre table, upon which our own pages are thrown monthly, as a "Literary Messenger." The fourth of the series is worthy of its predecessors. It contains six tales of great interest, and of deep practical value. They are translated from the French of Mons. Bouilly, a cotemporary French writer of great Galonius. We will let the publisher speak, as to the object and design of each of these petit nouvelles; cheerfully endorsing his analysis of their merits and utility. "From the sketch of Madame Cottin we may be taught the value of appearances, or the necessity of looking through them. The diamond is sometimes found in dark places, and frequently requires situation and circumstances to bring it to light. TRANSLATION. MR. WHITE,—In your last number we have an extract from Juvenal, with a bald version from Badham. Many years past, I met with a very spirited transla tion of the satire from which this passage is taken, and regret that I cannot give you more than a few lines. I subjoin an annotation from the pen of a distinguished classic, whose taste and profound learning are highly appreciated by all who know him. "By noise and bustle consequence is gained, NOTE. Respicit hoc primum, qui litigat, an tibi servi *Servi octo-Eight slaves to carry your litter. The litters were more or less respectable in appearance, according to the number of bearers which carried them. Comites-Attendants upon him. It was the custom not only for princes, but for others, who were carried in litters, to have a number of people attending them, who were called comites. Togati-Gownsmen-Poor clients. Numbers of these were seen walking before the great on whom they "The story of George and Theodore shows the im- were dependent. OLD AGE. Methinks I hear in accents low, The sportive kind reply, Poor moralist and what art thou? A solitary fly. Thy joys no glittering female meets, the children, who followed, with insulting shouts the footsteps of the aged prophet, crying in derision "go up thou bald head!" And the holy seer, in depicting the calamities which impended over his people, enumerates in the sad array, the change of manners when "the child shall behave himself proudly against the ancient, and the base against the honorable." (Isaiah, 3. 5.) How beautifully, and how forcibly, does Job too, in his anguish, depict the contempt which was poured upon him, by the youth, who had bowed down before him in the days of his prosperity, and strength. "My glory was fresh upon me : unto me men gave ear, and kept silence at my counsel. But now they that are younger than I, have me in derisionthey, whose fathers I would have disdained to have set with the dogs of my flock; they push away my feet, and raise up against me the ways of their destruction." Gray's Ode on Spring. Among the changes which time is working in the manners of society, there is nothing, Mr. Editor, which strikes an old man more forcibly, than the diminished deference which is paid to age. When I was young, emulation displayed itself in respect for grey hairs, especially when associated with distinguished talents, with eminent services, or with the conscious dignity of a long life of purity and virtue. Even the most hum- The faithful will not require that I should add ble-who could appeal to nothing else-found to the weighty commands of the inspired book, always in their scanty locks, and tottering frame, the best assurance of kindness and sympathy. The young sought the company of the aged; they hung upon their lips as the oracles of wisdom; they listened to their narratives with delight, and to their instruction with veneration. In short, piety towards age was a virtue of the times, and was one of the most interesting features in the character of society. the injunctions of Mahomet, or even the beautiful morality of the philosophers of old. The classic, indeed, will readily recall the sweet reflections of Cicero on the delightful intercourse of the old and young, and the youngest historians will remember the striking anecdote preserved in the Grecian annals. An ancient Athenian once entered the crowded theatre and passed to that quarter where his countrymen were seated. They were nailed to their benches. Not a man moved for him. Alas! that there should be among us, so many like them! The baffled old man, pausing here and there in vain, in expectation of the offered civility of a seat, passed on to that part of the house where were assembled the Spartan Ambassadors with their attendants. As he approached, the whole body rose from their places as if by common impulse, and pressed the wearied stranger to take a seat with them. In a moment the theatre rung with the plaudits of the delighted Athenians; upon which an old Lacedemonian with Spartan brevity observed, "the Athenians know what is true politeness; the Lacedemonians practice it." The burst of approbation, even from those who must have felt self-abased for their rudeness, was but the spontaneous tribute of the human heart to piety and virtue; and proves that the fault of the Athenians was the result of their thoughtlessness rather than of their want of feeling. In every age and country-whether civilized or savage, this pious reverence for the aged, seems to have been inculcated as one of the first of virtues. It is traced by the learned to the heroic ages, and from them has been transmitted with their elevated feelings, to succeeding times. It is a striking trait in the character of the Greek and of the Roman. It was the basis of the Spartan rule, and one of the massy Dorics, that sustained the fabric of Roman greatness. It is cherished upon the shores of Japan, even by a race that tramples on the Cross, and prevails at the Indian council-fire among the savages of the Rocky Mountains. It seems to be the simple and natural dictate of the unsophisticated heart, and is equally taught by Philosophy and Revelation. It is the creed of the Christian and of the Turk--it is commanded by the Bible, and by the Koran. "Thou shalt rise up before the hoary head! thou shalt honor the face of the aged! I am the Lord!"-is the solemn mandate of the Almighty, delivered from Mount Turning our eyes from the republics of old to Sinai, by the lips of the inspired lawgiver. (Levi- our Ancient Commonwealth; it is gratifying to see ticus 19. 32.). "The hoary head" is pronounced how sedulously our fathers inculcated the virtuous to be "a crown of glory ;" and youth, however en- principle of which we have been speaking. Its lightened by wisdom, is exhibited as bowing with traces are to be distinctly seen in some of those humility in the presence of the aged. "I am little traits of social and domestic intercourse, young," said Elihu," and ye are very old; where- which have always struck me as peculiarly amiafore I was afraid and durst not show you mine ble and interesting. Thus, when I was a boy, opinion." On the other hand the visitation of my father's intimate friends were all of them my God is represented as sending instant death upon uncles and aunts, though the most profound genea |