and the greater part of the Georgia regiment were made prisoners. But Jackson's division was already far to the right and in position; at 5 P. M. the attack was made upon Howard's division, which broke and ran at the first fire. Sickles was preparing to renew Birney's attack with greater force, and for that purpose had just ordered up Pleasanton's cavalry, 1,000 strong, when the movement was changed to check the panicstricken lines from Howard's right. The action now became general, and the Confederates charged from all points. The 8th Pennsylvania attempted to check the advance of Jackson's column and was entirely overwhelmed. It was the same old story. The Grand Army of the Potomac, in three hours from the first fire, was falling back before the charging columns of that army thrice its victors.

In the meantime Sedgwick with a force of two to one had succeeded in driving Barksdale and Early from their position at Fredericksburg, and they were now slowly falling back to join the main forces at Chancellorsville. Sedgwick was in pursuit, and intelligence of his approach reached Lee just as he was making preparations for a final attack upon Hooker. Something must be done to stay the unexpected force in his rear, and he accordingly dispatched four brigades under McLaws and Anderson to reinforce Barksdale and Early, and check Sedgwick. They encountered his advance near Salem Church, but it was now night and darkness put an end to the conflict, both parties retaining their ground. This movement did not prevent Lee from keeping a furious cannonade on Hooker's front.

On the next morning, Monday, May 4th, Sedgwick sent a messenger to Hooker informing him of his beleaguered condition and asking sup port from the main army. Hooker replied that no aid could be given. Thereupon Sedgwick fell back rapidly to Banks' Ford, and under a heavy fire from his victorious pursuers succeeded in crossing the river, but leaving 5,000 dead behind him-one-third as many as the commands of Barksdale and Early numbered.

Lee had not given Hooker a moment's rest, and on Tuesday night, having placed straw and brush upon the bridge to prevent a noise, the whole Federal army escaped under cover of the darkness to the other side, and on Wednesday morning when the Confederates moved forward to the attack, no enemy was to be seen. Thus ended the battles on the Rappahannock, in which Hooker lost 17,197 men, of whom 5,000 were unwounded prisoners. He had also lost thirteen cannon and 20,000 stand of small arms. Lee's loss was 13,000, of whom 1,581 were killed, 8,700 were wounded, and nearly 3,000 prisoners. Among the killed was the lamented "Stonewall" Jackson-a sketch of whose life will be found in Volume I of VIRGINIA AND VIRGINIANS.

THE INVASION OF PENNSYLVANIA.

For a month after the battle of Chancellorsville, the two armies lay confronting each other with only the river between them. During the time, Hooker's force had been somewhat reduced by the discharge of several regiments whose term of service had expired, while that of Lee had been augmented by the arrival of several regiments of North Carolina troops. His army too had been thoroughly re-organized, and the question of Jackson's successor settled to the satisfaction of the country. The President, some time in May, commissioned both Major-Generals R. S. Ewell and A. P. Hill as Lieutenant-Generals in the army of Northern Virginia. To the command of each three divisions were assigned, to complete which Anderson's division was taken from Longstreet's corps, and that of A. P. Hill reduced to two brigades, and the command given to Major-General W. D. Pender; to these was added the brigade of Pettigrew and another from North Carolina, forming a corps, the command of which was given to Major-General Heth.

General Lee had for some time entertained a plan for the invasion of the Northern States, being determined that if he could not bring on another engagement in Virginia, by an invasion to induce the withdrawal of the Federal forces from her soil.

On the 3d of June, the preparations being complete, McLaws' division of Longstreet's corps began its march from Fredericksburg toward Culpeper Court House, and the same evening Hood's division, which had been lying near the mouth of the Rapidan, followed on to the same place. By the 8th, the entire army was in motion, with the rear resting at Culpeper. On the 9th, a large force of Federal cavalry and infantry crossed the Rappahannock at Beverly's and Kelley's fords, and attacked General Stuart. The engagement continued throughout the afternoon, and resulted in the retreat of the Federals beyond the river, leaving behind them four hundred prisoners and three pieces of artillery. This engagement is known to Northern writers as the battle of Brandy Station. The principal fighting on the Confederate side was done by the 11th Virginia cavalry, under command of Colonel Lomax.

CAPTURE OF WINCHESTER.

In the meantime, General Jenkins, commanding a brigade of cavalry, was ordered forward toward Winchester, and at the same time General Imboden was directed to make a demonstration toward Romney, for the purpose of covering the movement of General Jenkins against Winchester, and further to prevent the Federals at that place from being reinforced by troops lying along the line of the Baltimore & Ohio railroad.

General Milroy, the Federal commander at Winchester, had a force of 7,000 men. He was either unaware of, or misinformed regarding the force moving against him, and therefore held his position too long. On

the 13th, General Rodes drove in a force which was lying at Berryville, and at 5 P. M. on the 14th, General Early was within cannon range of Milroy's position, which it was his purpose to assault; he at once began preparations for the attack. Twenty pieces of artillery were placed in position and opened fire, and at the same time Hays' Louisiana brigade charged the works, which in a few minutes yielded before the charging columns, and Milroy was defeated and driven from Winchester, with a loss, according to his own account, of 4,000 men, 29 guns, 277 wagons, and 400 horses. Of the fugitives a part escaped to Harpers Ferry, and the remainder into Pennsylvania. General Rodes, having driven the Federals from Berryville, marched to Martinsburg, where he arrived on the 14th, and captured 700 prisoners, 5 pieces of artillery, and a considerable quantity of stores.

THE MARCH INTO PENNSYLVANIA CONTINUED.

These operations had cleared the valley of the Federal forces, those at Harpers Ferry having withdrawn to Maryland Heights; and now the great movement of the war, prefaced by this brilliant introduction, was fairly begun.

Ewell's corps was the first to cross the Potomac. On the 24th it was followed by that of General A. P. Hill, which crossed at Shepherdstown. General Longstreet's corps had previously reached the Maryland shore by the Williamsport ford. The latter was composed of the divisions of McLaws, Pickett, and Hood, while the corps of Hill consisted of those of Pender, Heth, and Anderson, and that of Ewell of the divisions of Rodes, Early, and Johnson. The several columns re-united at Hagerstown, from which place the entire army crossed into Pennsylvania, and on the evening of the 27th encamped near Chambersburg.

Throughout the North this movement produced the wildest excitement. The public records were removed from Harrisburg, and New York and Philadelphia prepared to receive the daring invaders.

On the 15th of June, President Lincoln issued a proclamation calling for 120,000 militia, of which Pennsylvania was to furnish 50,000, Ohio 30,000, Maryland 10,000, West Virginia 10,000, and New York 20,000. In addition, Governor Andrews tendered the entire military strength of Massachusetts in the terrible crisis.

But it was not the rapidly forming battalions of raw militia that claimed the attention of the daring invader, General Lee. He was watching with the gravest interest the movements of that mighty army, a third greater than his own, which he had left on the banks of the Rappahannock, and which along the Potomac had for three years been drilled in the science of war.

Hooker lingered for a short time on the shore of Virginia, unable to determine whether Lee's advance was an invasion of the Northern States or a movement on Washington. Believing it to be the latter, he, on the 13th of June, put his army in motion northward, so as to cover the National Capital, marching along the east side of the Blue Ridge, while the Confederates moved along the west side. He reached the Potomac, and crossing at Edwards' Ferry, moved on to Frederick City. There he yielded to the pressure of public opinion at the North and resigned the command of the army, which was at once given to General Meade. That officer made only such changes as were imperatively necessary. Sykes took the 5th corps, which had been Meade's; Hancock the 2d, in place of Couch, who had been assigned to the department of the Susquehanna; Reynolds retained the 1st, Sickles the 3d, Sedgwick the 6th, Howard the 11th, and Slocum the 12th. The entire cavalry force was placed under Pleasanton. Thus the two armies were constituted on the 27th of June; the Confederate at Chambersburg and the Federal at Frederick-thirty-five miles apart.

BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG.

General Lee designed an attack upon Harrisburg, but on the 29th, learning of the northward movement of Meade, he ordered General Ewell, then on the road toward the capital, to join the army near Gettysburg, and at the same time he put the entire army in motion for the same destination. The march was slow, and it was 10 A. M. on the morning of the 1st of July when Heth's division in the advance reached the town destined henceforth to enduring distinction in American history. Meade had taken advantage of Lee's delay at Chambersburg, and by rapid marching reached the place in time for the 11th corps to engage Heth's division on its arrival.

A day pregnant with momentous issue was at hand. The mighty armies which had ceased to confront each other since leaving the Rappahannock, found themselves face to face at Gettysburg, on Wednesday, July 1st.

Buford's cavalry brought on the attack at a point two miles out on the Chambersburg road, but was soon forced back by the approaching lines of General Heth. General Reynolds then attempted to stay the advance, but he fell mortally wounded in the first fire, and his division in confusion fell back to the town. Another gray line was now moving for ward; it was the corps of Ewell from York and Carlisle. He had heard the artillery calling him, and had hastened to the point of attack. Unchecked, they moved into the town, the Federals, under the command of Doubleday since the fall of Reynolds, retiring to the hill beyond. This concluded the first day's fighting.

Let us briefly notice the position of the two armies on the morning of the 2d, which had taken positions during the night of the 1st. Lee's army was arranged along Seminary Ridge and around to the east of Gettysburg in the form of a vast crescent five miles in length, its concavity facing its antagonist. Longstreet was on the right, Hill in the center, and Ewell on the left. Meade's forces were all up by daylight except Sedgwick's corps, which did not arrive until 2 P. M. Slocum was posted on the extreme right; to his left lay the command of Wadsworth; then to his left was Howard, and following in order were Hancock, Sickles and Sykes. The corps of Reynolds was held in reserve.

There lay the forces of General Lee-the Army of Northern Virginia-which had met and defeated the army now before it on many bloody fields. At Mechanicsville, at Malvern Hill, at South Mountain, at Antietam, at Manassas, at Fredericksburg and at Chancellorsville, it had seen the Army of the Potomac routed and fleeing before it. But now a reverse, the most serious of the war, was to be met, but not from any want of intrepidity or the absence of heroic achievement, for here on the field of Gettysburg, though overpowered, it made the grandest stand in its history.

We have not space to follow all the charges and counter-charges, successes and reverses, on that historic field. Such carnage had not before been witnessed on this continent. Well may historians class it as one of the fifteen great battles of the world. Some idea of the terrible struggle may be formed from its casualties. The Federal loss was 23,210, of whom 2,834 were killed, 13,733 wounded, and 6,643 missing. That of the Confederates was 36,000, of whom 5,000 were killed, 23,000 wounded, and 8,000 missing.

On the 4th, Lee began his march to the Potomac, forty miles distant, which he reached on the 7th, expecting to cross at Williamsport, but finding the stream so swollen that pontoons were impracticable, he moved to Falling Waters, where on the 13th he passed into Virginia. The disabled condition of the Federal army may be inferred from the fact that although Lee lingered on the shores of Maryland nine days after the battle, and within forty miles of his enemy, no second attack was made, nor was any pursuit attempted save that of the cavalry which followed in his rear.

VIRGINIA TROOPS IN THE SERVICE.

Virginia has ever been ready with her treasure and the lives of her sons in the cause of liberty, and her patriotism and sacrificing spirit was nobly indicated in the stern demands of our late civil war. In the autumn of 1863 it was reported to the General Assembly of the State that she had already furnished 102,915 soldiers to the Confederate service;