although the distance to Harrisons Landing was but seven miles, the rear of that broken and dispirited army did not reach its destination until noon of the next day. The mud was in many places more than ankle-deep. This prevented the Confederates from bringing up their artillery, and this fact alone, doubtless, saved McClellan's army from complete destruction.

On the 8th of July the Confederates returned to Richmond, and the Federals lay at Harrisons Landing until the 4th of August, when, as we shall see, it became necessary for them to move again. The terrible seven days were past and the Peninsular Campaign ended; and what were the results? McClellan reached the banks of the Chickahominy with 159,500 men, and ten days later, when he reached Harrisons Landing, he telegraphed to the Secretary of War that he presumed he had not "over 50,000 men left with his colors;" but on the 7th of July, when President Lincoln visited the camp, he found 86,000 men on the field, thus showing a loss of 73,500 men in ten days. General Lee, in his report to the Confederate Secretary of War, said:

"The siege of Richmond has been raised, and the object of a campaign, which had been prosecuted after months of preparation at an enormous expenditure of men and money, is completely frustrated. More than 10,000 prisoners, including officers of rank, fifty-two pieces of artillery, and more than 35,000 stand of small arms were captured. The stores and supplies of every description which fell into our hands were great in amount and value, but small in comparison with those destroyed by the enemy. His losses in battle exceeded our own, as attested by the thousands of dead and wounded left on every field, while his subsequent inaction shows in what condition the survivors reached the protection to which they fled."

As before mentioned, on the 4th of August McClellan received orders from Washington to remove his army to Acquia creek to aid in repelling the Confederate movement toward the National Capital. The bulk of his army removed to Fortress Monroe, which place it left on the 23d of August, and reached Acquia creek the next day.

BATTLE OF CEDAR MOUNTAIN.

No sooner had the Washington Government learned of the reverses on the Peninsula, than General Pope was sent to Virginia to occupy the Shenandoah Valley. His advance consisted of two divisions under command of General Banks. General Lee, ever vigilant, sent a strong force to repel this invasion, and on the evening of the 8th of August a portion of General Jackson's corps, consisting of the 1st, 2d and 3d brigades, commanded by General Charles S. Winder, forded the Rapidan river and advanced into Culpeper county. The next morning it was reported that the Federals were advancing to the attack, and Ewell's division moved out three miles on the road leading from Orange

Court House to Culpeper Court House, where it took position, with the left flank resting on South Mountain.

At 12 M. cannonading began; at 3 P. M. General Early's brigade of Ewell's division made a circuit through the woods and attacked the Federals on the right, the 13th Virginia regiment marching in the advance. At 4 P. M. the action became general, and as General Jackson's division, under command of General Winder, was advancing to the attack, it was subjected to a galling fire poured forth with great precision from the mountain side. General Winder had his left arm shattered, and a few minutes later received a wound in the side, from which he died in an hour. The battle raged until nightfall and victory seemed to hang in the balance, but just as the full-orbed moon was lighting up the mountain tops, the Federals gave way and retreated, leaving their dead and wounded upon the field.

SECOND BATTLE OF MANASSAS.

After the battle of Cedar Mountain, the Federals returned to the Potomac river, and Jackson took position on the already historic plains of Manassas, where, on the 27th of August, 1862, the soil was a second time bathed in the best blood of the nation. On the morning of that day, General Taylor's brigade of Major-General Slocum's division of the Army of the Potomac, composed of the 1st, 2d, 3d, and 4th New Jersey regiments, proceeded by rail from Camp Ellsworth, near Alexandria, and reached Manassas about 11 o'clock A. M. Upon arriving, General Taylor marched his men to the summit of the hill above the valley of Bull Run, when he encountered a skirmish line, which fell back before him. He continued onward until near the Junction, where his command was met by a heavy enfilading fire of artillery. Unable to withstand it, he fell back and took shelter behind the crest of a ridge, but from which he was soon driven, and forced to a precipitate flight in the direction of Fairfax. The Confederates followed in hot pursuit, which was kept up until the fugitive army was beyond Centreville. General Taylor himself, his son, of his staff, and his nephew, were all severely wounded. Thus ended the second battle of Manassas -not on such a gigantic scale, but in as complete a rout as the first.

GENERAL LORING IN THE KANAWHA VALLEY.

It was now September, and the Federal army had been driven completely out of Virginia. General Loring was sent to the Kanawha Valley to take possession of that great salt-producing region. On the 10th he reached Fayette Court House, where he found the Federals posted in

considerable force. An attack was at once made, and after an engagement lasting six hours, the place was captured, the Federals falling back to Cotton Hill, where they made a stand; but after a few hours' fighting the next day, they were driven again, and this time continued their retreat to Charleston, the county-seat of Kanawha. General Loring followed on down the Kanawha river, and two days later occupied Charleston, from which the Federals had fled after firing it. At Point Pleasant they were largely reinforced, and marching back to Charleston, compelled General Loring, whose forces. were greatly inferior, to evacuate the town and fall back to Staunton, in Augusta county.

GENERAL LEE IN MARYLAND.

The progress of events, now, for the first time during the struggle, leads us to a new theater of war within the recognized dominion of the Federal Government.

On the 4th of September General Lee took the offensive, and leaving on his right Arlington Heights, whither the shattered forces of General Pope had been driven from the valley, crossed the Potomac river and entered Maryland. Two objects were in view: the first, the capture of Harpers Ferry; and the second, to test the spirit of the Marylanders, and thus learn whether their proffered aid in support of the Confederacy could be relied upon. Attention was diverted from this expedition by a demonstration upon Pennsylvania, which so alarmed its governor, Curtin, that he called out the entire available force of the State, and made every preparation for defense. During the consequent excitement which prevailed throughout the Northern States, General Lee was in reality directing his movements against Virginia, and for the more effectual accomplishment of his purpose, divided his force into three corps, commanded respectively by Generals Jackson, Longstreet and Hill. The first recrossed the Potomac at Williamsport, and having occupied Martinsburg, passed rapidly to the south of Harpers Ferry, the object being the capture of the arms and stores there. In the meanwhile the commands of Hill and Longstreet were stationed to cover the movements of Jackson, and thus hold at bay the forces of McClellan, which were marching to the relief of Harpers Ferry, then held by a force of ten or twelve thousand men under General Miles. General Lee, foreseeing that the design of the Federal officers was to attack and defeat the Confederates in detail before their forces could be reunited, to frustrate this expectation, sent the division of General D. H. Hill to take a position at the mountain post known as Boonesboro Gap. Here, on the 14th of September, was fought the

William Byrd of Weftover
in Virginia q

ARMORIAL BOOK-PLATE

Of Colonel WILLIAM BYRD, of "Westover," James River, who founded Richmond in 1737.

BATTLE OF SOUTH MCUNTAIN.

At 8 A. M. of that day, General Cox's division, of Reno's corps, moved up the country road leading toward the summit, which in the meantime had been occupied by General Hill, and the conflict at once began. The brigade of General Garland, of Virginia, received the first fire, and its brave commander fell, fatally pierced by a musket ball, and very nearly at the same moment General Reno, a distinguished Federal officer, was mortally wounded, dying upon the field. The battle continued to rage with unabated fury, and reinforcements to arrive and engage at once in the deadly fray. That morning the corps of General Longstreet was lying at Hagerstown, distant fourteen miles from the scene of action. Hurrying forward with all speed, it reached and joined the wearied ranks of Hill at 3 P. M., and an hour later the brigades were in position, and that of General Toombs engaged. Evans occupied the extreme left, Drayton the right, and Hood, with the "ragged Texans," the center. At the same hour the Federals received powerful reinforcements. Hooker's corps of Burnside's column moved to the right, Meade's division to the left, and Rickett's to the center. The first was supported by Patrick, the second by Doubleday, and the third by Phelps. It was a living human wall against which no force could prevail, and at dark the Confederates withdrew from the field, but they had accomplished their object-they had held the entire army of McClellan, outnumbering them five to one, back, while General Jackson succeeded in the

CAPTURE OF HARPERS FERRY.

At midnight on the 14th, Jackson massed his batteries on the heights overlooking Harpers Ferry, and at daylight on the morning of the 15th opened a fire which fairly shook the surrounding mountains. Just at sunrise General Miles, the Federal commander, was struck by a shell

and his left leg carried away. At twenty minutes past seven the white flag was waving over the Federal position, and a few minutes later Miles surrendered 11,583 men, 73 pieces of artillery, 13,000 small arms, 200 wagons, and an immense quantity of supplies. But Jackson did not wait to receive the surrender; leaving that to Hill, he hurried across the Potomac into Maryland to join Lee, and assist him at the

BATTLE OF ANTIETAM, OR SHARPSBURG,

Which was fought two days later, on the 17th. Sharpsburg is ten miles north of Harpers Ferry, and eight west of Boonesboro, on the bank of Antietam creek, a sluggish stream emptying into the Potomac eight miles above Harpers Ferry. Here, on the morning of the 17th, General Lee lay with a force of 45,000 men. The Federals were com