grief of their hearts, may God's children be laid aside as useless vessels; the world may cast them off as unworthy to live among them. It is not for the king's profit to suffer them (Esther iv. 8); and, Teρikatápμara, “We are made as the filth of the world, and are the off-scouring of all things" (1 Cor. iv. 13). So, "Let us go forth, therefore, unto him without the camp, bearing his reproach" (Heb. xiii. 13). At that time they were cast out of the synagogues, or cities, and societies. Was not Christ himself cast off, "despised and rejected of men ?" (Isa. liii. 3.) The stone which the builders refused, though he were the corner-stone of the building, yet they laid him aside, as if he were of no use, as rubbish or a refuse stone. So are his people thrust out by the world, laid by, as not deemed worthy to be employed for any use: Away with such a fellow from the earth; for it is not fit that he should live" (Acts xxii. 22). This is the judgment which the world maketh on God's servants.

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Secondly, What are the usual sins which are incident to such sharp and tedious afflictions?

1st, Impatience and murmuring against God. When our wills are crossed, we cannot bear it. To be sick of the fret, is a disease very incident to such as have not learned to deny their own wills, and entirely to give up themselves to the conduct of God's providence: "Give me children, or else I die" (Gen. xxx. 1); "Fret not thyself because of evil-doers" (Psalm xxxvii. 1). We should not vex and fret, but we are apt to do so; to murmur and repine against God, and that for small matters, as Jonah for a gourd: "I do well to be angry" (Jonah iv. 9). So strangely are men transported! Pettish desires, earnestly solicited and finally disappointed, breed this impatience in us. In every frame of heart, when notably stirred, we should say, Is this well? God puts the question to Jonah, "Dost thou well to be angry?" What! to be discontented with God's own providence, especially in small matters? But we let loose the reins to our passions; and, if we be crossed a little, then, 'Let me die.' Some of this impatience was in good David; for it presently followeth the text: "How many are the days of thy servant?" (verse 84.) 'If the affliction must last yet longer, then even let me know when I shall die.'

2ndly, A spirit of revenge against the instruments of our trouble. When we dare not let fly against God, we vent our passions freely against men, and seek their hurt and loss, and think we are safe; whereas, Christianity establisheth a universal and diffusive charity, even to enemies, that we should pray for them, and seek their good: "Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you, and persecute you" (Matt. v. 44). The command of love doth not extend only towards kindred, and friends, and acquaintance, but even to enemies. I say unto you, Christ will try our sincerity and obedience by this precept, by forgiving wrongs, and forbearing all unjust and unmerciful revenge; and our love, by loving our enemies. It is hard to bring the revengeful heart of man to it. The faults they have committed against us, do not exempt us from the general law of charity, from doing good to them according to our power. As we must not hate, or curse, or requite injury with injury, so we must love, bless, do good, and pray for them, wishing them all the good in the world, especially that which they most want, the good of their souls; returning friendly words for railing and evil-speaking; feeding and clothing them when hungry, thirsty, or naked; desiring pardon and grace. This is

our rule; but how few Christians comply with it, and conquer their unruly passions! No; rather justify them by the greatness of their temptations; and, if they be kept from retaliating of injuries, that is rare. Most have too great a coldness and indifference for enemies: "I will do so to him as he hath done to me: I will render to the man according to his work" (Prov. xxiv. 29). This is to take the work out of God's hands; to review the arrogance of Adam, "Be as gods." Generally, men are vindictive and transported with uncomely passions, when wronged by men: "Why should this dead dog curse my lord the king? let me go over, I pray thee, and take off his head" (2 Sam. xvi. 9). This was the ruffling humour of Abishai. But David was in a calmer, cooler frame and temper of spirit; no, God bade him curse. Many a man can bear afflictions, but not injuries. No man is troubled at a shower of rain; but, if one cast a bucket or basin of water upon us, we shall not let it pass, if it be in the power of our hands, without revenge.

3rdly, Using indirect means for our relief. It is better to pine away in affliction, than to be freed from it by sin; to be as a bottle in the smoke, than to forget our duty: therefore, no trouble should drive us to sin, or to use sinful means for our escape; though worn out with expectation, let our duty hold our hands from evil. Whatever our trouble be, from the hand of God or men, we have no reason to go to the Devil to ease us of it: as Saul goeth to the witch of Endor, "Seek me a woman that hath a familiar spirit" (1 Sam. xxviii. 7); and to the Devil we go, when we use bad means. Carnal shifts are very natural to us; and, when we cannot trust God, and depend upon him, we presently are apt to take some indirect course of our own. Affliction is often compared to a prison, and the sorrows which accompany it, to fetters and chains. Now, God that puts us into prison, can only help us out again; for he is the governor and judge of the world. Now, to use carnal shifts, is an attempt to break prison: we are not able to hold out, till God send a happy issue, but take some carnal course of our own; if the heart be not the better resolved, thus it will be. The Devil will make an advantage of our afflictions, if he can: he tempted Christ when he was hungry (Matt. iv. 3); so he tempteth us, when he seeth us needy, disgraced, reproached, trampled under foot. No; though our estate be low, and the fountain of our supplies be dried up; though our credit be smudged and blacked with slander and reproach; though we be cast out as useless things, as an old, withered skin-bottle, counted unfit to hold wine, yet we must not forget God's precepts. We need not take a sinful course for the vindication of our credit from unjust reproaches: "Hearken unto me, ye that know righteousness, the people in whose heart is my law: fear ye not the reproach of men, neither be ye afraid of their revilings" (Isa. li. 7). You that make reckoning of keeping close to my word, that have my law not only in your heads, but in your hearts; God hath his times to vindicate you; you need not distrust the providence of God under straits. When Jacob was low, he tells Laban, "So shall my righteousness answer for me" (Gen. xxx. 33). The hand of God will help us, and reward honest labours, without our being false or unfaithful to men. We need not make a foul retreat in the day of trial; nor shift for ourselves, by complying with the lusts of men; nor wax weary of our duty, as quite discouraged and disheartened (Heb. xii. 3), as we are apt to do, when troubles are grievous and long-continued.

4thly, Another evil is desponding and distrustful thoughts of God.

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David, after all his experiences, was surprised with these kind of thoughts, "I shall now perish one day by the hand of Saul" (1 Sam. xxvii. 1). He had a particular promise and assurance of the kingdom, and had seen much of God's care over him; and yet, after all this, David doubteth of the word of God, and bewrayed his weakness of faith and affiance in him, who had watched over him, and delivered him out of many great and imminent dangers, in a marvellous manner, when there was less appearance of hope than now (1 Sam. xxii. 5). So, “I said in my haste, I am cut off from before thine eyes: nevertheless, thou heardest the voice of my supplications, when I cried unto thee" (Psalm xxxi. 22). 'God hath no more care and thought of me, than if I were not.' This was said at the very time when deliverance was a-coming. Here David yielded a little to foolish haste, and lost the steadfastness of his faith. So," Will the Lord cast off for ever, will he be favourable no more? Is his mercy clean gone for ever? doth his promise fail for evermore?" (Psalm lxxvii. 7, 8;) questions, to appearance, full of despair and despondency; yet there is some faith couched under them. "Will the Lord cast off?" it implieth the soul cannot endure to be thrust from him. "Will he be favourable no more?" it implieth some former experience, and desire of new proof. "Is his mercy clean gone?" I have deserved all this; but God is merciful. Will not mercy help? To appearance, indeed, despair carrieth it from faith that is upmost.

5thly, Questioning our interest in God, merely because of the cross. Our Lord hath taught us to say, "My God," in the bitterest agonies; but few learn this lesson: "If the Lord be with us, why then is all this befallen us?" (Judg. vi. 13;) as if they were never exercised with trouble, who have God with them. Sometimes, we question the love of God, because we have no afflictions, and, anon, because we have nothing but afflictions; as if God were not the God of the valleys as well as of the mountains, and his love did change with our outward condition, and worldly prosperity were a mark of grace, which when lost, our evidence were gone. How hardly soever God dealeth with his people, yet he loveth them: "Whom the Lord loveth, he chasteneth" (Heb. xii. 6). So, "As many as I love, I rebuke and chasten" (Rev. iii. 19). A father is a father when he smileth, and when he frowneth: he may have love in his heart, when a rod is in his hand; and we have no reason to question our adoption, merely because we are put under the correction and discipline of the family.

6thly, Not only despairing thoughts do arise, but atheistical thoughts, as if there were no God, no providence, no distinction between good and evil, and it were in vain to serve him: "I have cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency" (Psalm lxxiii. 13). The flesh is importunate to be pleased; and therefore, when it meeteth not with desired satisfaction we are apt to question all, and to cast off the fear of God and all regard of his service: "Ye have said, It is in vain to serve God; and what profit is it that we have kept his ordinance, and walked mournfully before the Lord of hosts?" (Mal. iii. 14.) When temptations are sore and afflictions tedious, thoughts of so horrid a complexion may float in our minds.

These are the distempers which are incident to those who have been long afflicted, and are often disappointed in the issue which they expect. Thirdly, That this should not be. David omitted not his duty for all this, though his troubles were long and tedious. How great soever our trials be, they should not weaken our love to God and our respect to his

word. God's precepts must not be forgotten, though we are withered and dried up with sorrows, as a skin-bottle is shrivelled in the smoke.

1st, Because then we plunge ourselves into a greater evil, if we fall into sin because of trouble and affliction, and so make our condition so much the worse. Job's friends charged this upon him, that he hath chosen sin rather than affliction (Job xxxvi. 21), when he would rather give way to impatience, than patiently bear what God had laid upon him. Many are so transported with their pains and grievances, that they care not what they say or do, as if they were loosed from all bands of duty. On the contrary, it is said of Moses, "Choosing rather to suffer afflictions," &c. (Heb. xi. 25.) The least sin is worse than the greatest suffering. Suffering is an offence done to us; sin is an offence done to God. By suffering, we lose some worldly comfort; but, by sinning, hazard the favour of God. Sufferings is only an inconvenience to the bodily or animal life; sinning bringeth a blot and blemish upon the soul. The sinful state is far worse than the afflicted; and therefore, how calamitous soever our condition be, we must take great care it be not sinful. Wormwood is bitter, but not poison.

2ndly, A sincere love to God will make us adhere to him when he seemeth to deal most hardly with us. Among all his corrections, God hath not a rod smart enough to drive away a gracious and loving soul from himself: 66 All this is come upon us; yet have we not forgotten thee, neither have we dealt falsely in thy covenant" (Psalm xliv. 17). God is the same, and his ways are the same, though his dispensations be changed; so different a thing it is to love the ways of God upon foreign, and upon intrinsic and proper reasons: and the intent of such dispensations is to put us upon trial, what be our reasons and motives why we love God and his ways, and whether our love be strong enough to encounter with difficulties, whether it can overcome temptations from sense and the world. Till all probabilities be spent, and our afflictions grow long and tedious, we are not tried to the purpose. Our covenant vow to God bindeth us to own him in all conditions, whatever our portion be in the world.

3rdly, By forgetting God's precepts, we put away our own comfort from ourselves, and make our afflictions the more grievous. Take the word "precepts," either strictly, for his commandments or statutes, or more largely, as it may also include his promises. If any faint and fail in trouble, it is because they trust not the promises, or keep not the commandments, of God: these two mutually strengthen one another. If you would not have your faith broken, labour to keep the commandments. In the 166th verse of this psalm, "I have hoped for thy salvation, and done thy commandments;" and, if you would keep the commandments, confirm your faith in the promises of forgiveness of sin, of God's providence, and eternal life; for, if thou canst believe these, no pleasure or pain shall make thee forsake thy obedience (Psalm cxxx. 4). A child of God dareth not warp and turn away from God in part or in whole, nor slacken any part of his diligence in God's service. Faith in God's promises breedeth obedience; and obedience confirmeth faith in God's promises. We apprehend promises, to check that sensitive lure which would entice us from God and our obedience to him: a greater benefit is offered, to counterbalance the baits and troubles of the flesh. The more we obey the precepts, the more we believe the promises; for, together with our obedience, our confidence

and sound comfort increaseth; so that to forget the word, is to throw away our strength from ourselves.

4thly, Afflictions, rightly improved, are a means to make us remember God's precepts, rather than to forget them (Heb. xii. 11). The baits of the flesh are removed, that the spirit may be more at liberty (2 Cor. iv. 16). God seeth fit to afflict the bodies of his people sometimes. The body being in good plight, is a clog to the soul; therefore they are withered and wrinkled, that the soul may thrive the more. Our worldly portion is blasted, that our heavenly treasure may be increased. When we are at full, we wax wanton, neglectful, forget his precepts: now, that we may remember them the more, God sendeth such afflictions which sit near and close. The moon is never eclipsed but when it is at full; so many have eclipsed the glory of the spiritual life, when full and at ease: therefore in afflictions we should not forget his word.

USE.-1. Is to reprove us, who are so soon discouraged in the ways of God. If we suffer but a little sickness, and a little trouble and contempt in the world, a little loss of honour and interest, the mocks and scorns of foolish men, we cannot bear it, but murmur and are impatient. David could submit himself to the Lord, and find sweetness in the word, though he were "like a bottle in the smoke." Few nowadays suffer any great matter for Christ: surely, when God's people have endured harder things, we should be ashamed of our tenderness. Were we only appointed to escape the afflictions and inconveniences of our pilgrimage? And must God make a new way to Heaven for our sakes, wherein we shall meet with no difficulty in our passage? or, rather, in defiance of all sense, would we abide here for ever, and flourish in ease and plenty, and never see change? No; it becometh us betimes to prepare for the cross. None so strong now, but they shall wither; so ruddy and beautiful, but their beauty shall consume as a moth; nor so happy and flourishing in honour and esteem, but they will be laid aside as a dried, withered bottle. We must look to have our turn, and bear it patiently.

2. Let us not, for any afflictions and troubles whatsoever, abate of our zeal and diligence and respect to God's service.

(1.) It is not obedience to God's precepts, or godliness, that is the cause of our sufferings and chastenings, but our sin and folly: "Are these his doings? do not my words do good to him that walketh uprightly?" (Mic. ii. 7.) God delighteth not in dealing harshly with his people. The rod is not that he taketh pleasure in, if our case doth not call for it: "He doth not afflict willingly" (Lam. iii. 33). We provoke him to it; and shall we grow weary of his service, because we suffer justly for our sins? There is reason, indeed, why we should grow weary of sin (Jer. ii. 19), we find the bitterness of it; but no reason why we should grow weary of duty. Sin less, and suffer less. Provoke not God, and nothing will proceed from him but what is good and comfortable: he doth not punish or chasten men for holiness and well-doing; no, it is for want of holiness. Shall the physician be blamed for the trouble of physic, when the patient hath contracted a surfeit that makes it necessary? It was sin in general brought us into a state of suffering, and particular errors that actually bring it on.

(2.) The benefits and fruit of afflictions should allay and abundantly recompense the trouble of them, that they should not be a hindrance or a snare, but a help to godliness. They prevent our surfeit of worldly prosperity, which would cost us dearer than all the troubles of the flesh which