cavities.

layers. Coccineous. Cochleate. shell. Coc'cum. A grain or seed; tricoccous, 3-seeded, &c.

Scarlet-coloured.
Coiled spirally, like a snail-

Cer'nuus. When the top only droops.
Chaffy. Made up of short membra-
nous portions like chaff.
Cha'mepy'this.

From the Greek kamia, on the ground, pithus, the pinetree. This is the specific name of some plants.

Chan'nelled. Hollowed out longitudinally with a rounded groove. Cho'rion. A clear limpid liquor contained in a seed at the time of flowering After the pollen is received, this liquor becomes a perfect embryo of a new plant.

Cicatrice. The mark or natural scar from whence the leaf has fallen. Ciliate. Fringed with parallel hairs. Cine'reous. Ash-coloured,

Cin'gens. Surrounding, girding around. Cirrose. Bearing tendrils. From Cirrus, a tendril or climber.

Clasp'ing. Surrounding a stem with

the base of the leaf. Class. The highest division of plants in the system of Botany. Linnæus divided all plants into 24 classes; 3 of these are now rejected, and the plants which they included placed in the remaining 21 classes. The ancient botanists knew neither methods, systems, nor classes: they described under chapters, or sections, those plants which appeared to them to resemble each other in the greatest number of relations.

Cla'vate. Club-shaped, larger at the top than the bottom. Clau'sus. Closed, shut up. Claw. The narrow part by which a petal is inserted.

Cleft. Split, or divided less than half

Caru'leus, Blue.

Coleop'tile. From koleos, an envelope,
and ptilon, a bud.
Colleorrhize. From koleos, an envelope,
and riza, a root.
Colli'nus. Growing on hills.
Coloured. Different from green; in
the language of botany, green is not
called a colour. White, which in re-
ality is not a colour, is so called in
botany. The primitive colours and
their intermediate shades and grada-
tions, are by botanists arranged as
follows:

Water-colour, hyalinus.
albus.

White,
Lead-colour,

cinereus.

purpureus.

cæruleus. viridis.

RED,

PURPLE,

Violet-colour, cæruleo-purpureus.
BLUE,
Green,

White is most common in roots, sweet berries, and the petals of spring flowers. Black, in roots and seeds. Yellow, in anthers, and the petals of compound flowers. Red, in the petals of summer flowers and acid fruits. Blue and violet-colour, in the petals. Green, in the leaves and calyx.

Columella. The central pillar in a capsule or fruit of any kind. Column. The filaments in gynandrous

plants united with the style; the whole is termed a column.

Co'ma. A tuft of bracts on the top of a spike of flowers. Comose. Sessile bracts. Common. Any part is common, which includes or sustains several parts similar among themselves. Compound. Made up of similar simple parts.

- flowers. Such a are in the class Syngenesia, having florets with united anthers.

Compressed. Flattened.

Concave. Hollowed on one side. Conceptacle. Single-valved capsule. Conchology. The science which treats of shells.

Cone. A scaly fruit like that of the
pine. See Strobilum.
Conglomerate, Crowded together.
Con'ic. With a broad base, gradually
narrowing to the top like a sugar-
loaf.

Coniferous. Bearing cones.
Conjugate. In pairs.

Con'nate. Opposite, with the bases
united or growing into one, forming
the appearance of one leaf. Anthers
are sometimes connate.
Connivent. Converging, the ends in-
clining towards each other.
Continuous. Uninterrupted.
Contor'ted. Twisted.
Contracted. Close, narrow.
Converging. Approaching or bending
towards each other.

Convex. Swelling out in a roundish form.

Con'volute. Rolled into a cylindric form, as leaves in the bud. Cor'culum, or Corcle. The embryo or miniature of the future plant, which is found in seeds often between the cotyledons.

Cor'date. Heart-shaped, side lobes

rounded.

heights on the common stem, form ing a flat top. Costate. Ribbed.

Cotyledons. (From kotule, a cavity.) Seed lobes. The fleshy part of seeds which in most plants rises out of the ground and forms the first leaves, called seminal or seed leaves. These lobes in the greatest proportion of plants, are two in number; they are very conspicuous in the leguminous seeds; as beans, peas, &c. The cotyledons are externally convex, in ternally flat, and enclose the embryo or principle of life, which it is their office to protect and nourish. Cre'mocarpe. (From kremao, to suspend, and karpos, fruit.) A name given by Mirbel to a genus of fruits. Creeping. Running horizontally; stem

are sometimes creeping, as also roots. Cre'nate. Scalloped, notches on the

margin of a leaf which do not point towards either the apex or base. Cre'nulate. Finely crenate. Cres'cent-form. Resembling a half

moon.

Crest'ed. Having an appearance like
a cock's-comb.
Crini'tus. Long-haired.
Crowded. Clustered together.
Crowned. See Coronatus.

Cruciform. (From crux, crucis, a cross.) Four petals placed like a

cross.

Crusta'ceous. Small crusty substances lying one upon another. Cryptog'amous. Plants which have stamens and pistils concealed. Cubit. A measure from the elbow tc the end of the middle finger. Cucullate. Hooded or cowled, rolled or folded in, as in the spatha of the Arum, or wild turnip.

Cucurbita'ceous. Resembling gourds

or melons.

Culinary. Suitable for preparations of food.

Culm or straw. (From the Greek kalama, stubble or straw; in Latin culmus.) The stem of grasses, Indian corn, sugar-cane, &c. Culmif'erous. Having culms; as wheat, grasses, &c. Cune'iform. Wedge-form, with the stalk attached to the point. Cup'ule. A cup, as in the acorn. Curv'ed. Bent inwards. See Incurved. Cus'pidate. Having a sharp straight point. (The eye-tooth is cuspidate.) Cuticle. The outside skin of a plant, commonly thin, resembling the scarf or outer skin of animals. It is considered as forming a part of the bark.

Diur'nus. Enduring but a day.
Dor'sal. Belonging to the back.
Dotted. See Punctate and Perforated.
Droop'ing. Inclining downward, more
than nodding.

Drupe. A fleshy pericarp, enclosing a

stone or nut.

Dru'peole. A little drupe.

Eno'dis. Without joints or knots. En'siform. Sword-form, two-edged, as in the flag and iris.

Entire. Even and whole at the edge. Entomology. The science which treats of insects.

Epi. A Greek word, signifying upon; often used in composition.

drupes.

Dul'cis. Sweet.

Dumo'sus. Bushy.

Duplex. Double.

Effolia'tion. Premature falling off of leaves, by means of diseases or some accidental causes.

Effuse. Having an opening by which "seeds or liquids may be poured out. Egg-form. See ovate.

Egret or Aigrette. The feathery or hairy crown of seeds, as the down of thistles and dandelions. It includes whatever remains on the top of the seed after the corolla is removed. The egret is stiped, when it is supported on a foot-stem; it is simple, when it consists of a bundle of simple hairs; it is plumose, when each hair composing the crown has other little hairs arranged along its sides. Elliptic. Oval.

Elon'gated. Exceeding a common length.

Emar'ginate. Having a notch at the end, retuse.

Embryo. (From embrao, to bud forth.) The germ of a plant; called by Linnæus the corculum.

Emollient. A medicine which softens and relaxes the animal fibre. En'docarp. The inside skin of a pericarp.

Endogenous. Applied to stems which grow from the centre outwardly, as in monocotyledons.

fruit.) The outer skin of the peri

carp.

Epidermis. (From epi, upon, and derma, skin.) See Cuticle. Epiglynous. (From epi, upon, and gynia, pistil.)

Ep'isperm. (From epi, upon, and sperma, seed.)

Equinoc'tial flowers. Opening at stated hours each day.

E'quitant. Opposite leaves alternately enclosing the edges of each other. Erect'. Straight; less unbending than strictus.

Ero'ded. Appearing as if gnawed at the edge. Es'culent. Eatable.

Evergreen. Remaining green through the year, not deciduous. Excava'tus. Hollowed out. Exogenous. A term applied to stems which grow externally. Erotic. Plants that are brought from foreign countries. Expan'ded. Spread. Expec'torant. (From expectoro, to discharge from the breast.) Medicines which promote a discharge from the lungs.

Ex'serted. Projecting out of the flower or sheath. Eye. See Hilum.

F

Factitious. (From facio, to make.) Not natural, produced by art. Fam'ilies. A term in Botany implying a natural union of several genera in to groups; sometimes used as synon ymous with Natural Orders. Fal'cate. Sickle-shaped; linear and crooked.

Farina. (From far, corn.) Meal or flour. A term given to the glutinous parts of wheat and other seeds, which is obtained by grinding and sifting. It consists of gluten, starch, and mucilage. The pollen is also called farina.

Fas'cicle. A bundle.

Fasciculate. Collected in bundles. Fastig'iate. Flat-topped. Branches are said to be fastigiate when they keep in a similar direction to the main stem, and their boughs point upwards.

Favo'sus. Resembling a honeycomb. Faux. Jaws. The throat of the corolla. Feb'rifuge. (From febris, a fever, and fugo, to drive away.) That which possesses the property of abating fever. Ferns. Cryptogamous plants, with the fruit on the back of the leaves, or in spikes made up of minute capsules opening transversely.

Fertile. Pistillate, yielding fruit.
Ferruginous. Iron, rust-like.
Fibre. Any thread-like part.
Filament. The slender thread-like|
part of the stamen.

Fillices. (From filum, a thread.) Ferns.
Filiform. Very slender.

Fimbriate. Divided at the edge like fringe.

Fistulous. Hollow or tubular, as the leaf of the onion. Flabel'liform. Fan-shaped.

Frondo'se, (Frondosus.) Leafy, or leaf

like.

Fructifica'tion. The flower and fruit, with their parts.

Fructif'erous. Bearing or becoming fruit.

Fructus. The fruit is an annual part of the plant, which adheres to the flower and succeeds it; and after attaining maturity, detaches itself from the parent plant, and on being placed in the bosom of the earth, gives birth to a new vegetable. In common language, the fruit includes both the pericarp and the seed, but strictly speaking, the latter only is the fruit, while the former is but the case or vessel which contains it. Frutescent. Becoming shrubby. Frutex. A shrub.

Fulgax. Fugaceous, flying off.

own weight.

Flagel'liform. Like a whip-lash.
Flam'meus. Flame-coloured.

Fla'vus. Yellow.

Flesh'y. Thick and pulpy.

Flex'uous. Serpentine, or bending in a ziz-zag form.

Flo'ra. Considered by the heathens as the goddess of flowers; descriptions of flowers are often called Floras. Flo'ral leaf. See Bract. Flo'ret. Little flower; part of a compound flower.

Flo'rist. One who cultivates flowers. Flos'cular. A tubular floret. Flower, (Flos.) A term which was formerly applied almost exclusively to the petals. At present a stamen and pistil only are considered as forming a perfect flower. Flow'er-stalk. See Peduncle. Folia'ceous. Leafy.

Fol'ioles. Leafets; a diminutive of folium, a leaf. The smaller leaves which constitute a compound leaf. Fol'ium. Leaf. Leaves are fibrous and cellular processes of the plants, of different figures, but generally extended into a membranous or skinny substance.

Follicle. A seed-vessel which opens lengthwise, or on one side only. Foot'-stalk. Sometimes used instead of peduncle and petiole. Fork'ed. See Dichotomous. Frag'ilis. Breaking easily. Frond. The leaf of cryptogamous plants; formerly applied to palms. Frondes'cence. (From frons, a leaf)

ole, peduncle, &c. Fulvous. Yellowish.

Fun'gi. The plural of fungus, a

mushroom.

Fun'gous. Growing rapidly with a soft texture like the fungi.

Fu'nicle. The stalk which connects the ovale to the ovary. Funnel-form. Tubular at the bottom, and gradually expanding at the top. Fu'siform. Spindle-shaped; a root thick at the top and tapering downwards.

Gal'ea. A helmet.

G

Gem'ma. A bud seated upon the stem and branches, and covered with scales, in order to defend it from injury. The bud resembles the seed in containing the future plant in embryo; but this embryo is destitute of a radicle, though if the bud is planted in the earth, a radicle is developed. Gemma'ceous. Belonging to a bud; made of the scales of a bud. Gener'ic name. The name of a genus. Genic'ulate. Bent like a knee. Ge'nus. (The plural of genus is gene

ra.) A family of plants agreeing in their flower and fruit. Plants of the same genus are thought to possess similar medicinal powers. Germ. The lower part of the pistil which afterward becomes the fruit. Germination. The swelling of a seed and the unfolding of its embryo. Gib'bous. Swelled out commonly on

one side.